tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1599542070664600242023-11-30T00:57:09.045+01:00Haaralliset rasvahapot. Isoprenoidit. Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.comBlogger47125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-69004022433851906122023-04-03T18:40:00.002+02:002023-04-03T18:40:14.983+02:00Aloe vera tutkimuksista <p><a href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-0348-0927-6_6"> https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-0348-0927-6_6</a></p><p><a class="c-breadcrumbs__link" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-category="Chapter" data-track-label="breadcrumb1" data-track="click" href="https://link.springer.com/" itemprop="item"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a>
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<h1 class="c-article-title" data-chapter-title="" data-test="chapter-title">The
Genus Aloe: Phytochemistry and Therapeutic Uses Including Treatments
for Gastrointestinal Conditions and Chronic Inflammation</h1>
<ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short js-no-scroll" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list" data-test="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-author-popup="auth-I__E_-Cock" data-corresp-id="c1" data-test="author-name" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-0348-0927-6_6#auth-I__E_-Cock">I. E. Cock<svg aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon" height="16" width="16"><use></use></svg></a> </li></ul>
<ul class="c-article-identifiers c-chapter-identifiers"><li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Chapter</li><li class="c-article-identifiers__item"><a data-track-action="publication date" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-0348-0927-6_6#chapter-info">First Online: <time datetime="2015-01-01">01 January 2015</time></a></li></ul>
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</div>
<p class="c-chapter-book-series">Part of the <a data-track-action="open book series" data-track-label="link" data-track="click" href="https://link.springer.com/bookseries/4857">Progress in Drug Research</a> book series (PDR,volume 70)</p>
</div>
</header>
<div class="c-article-body" data-article-body="true">
<section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1"><span class="c-article-section__title-number"> </span>Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Plants
of the genus Aloe
have perhaps the longest recorded history
of medicinal usage and are amongst the most widely used plants for
traditional medicinal purposes worldwide.
<i>Aloe vera</i>
,
<i>Aloe ferox</i>
,
<i>Aloe arborescens</i>
and
<i>Aloe perryi</i>
are the best known and most widely used, but many other
species are also used for their therapeutic properties. The Aloes have
been used since ancient times, particularly for the treatment of
microbial infections, gastrointestinal disorders and inflammatory
conditions. In addition to their <b>myriad</b> uses in traditional
therapeutics, the Aloes have also been used as components of cosmetic
formulations, and in the food and beverage industries. Despite their
wide acceptance, studies from different laboratories often report wide
variations in the therapeutic bioactivities from within the same Aloe
species, even when the same extraction procedures are used. Furthermore,
leaves from individual Aloe plants within the same species may have
widely varying levels of the bioactive phytochemicals. Phytochemical
analyses have shown that many Aloe species contain various carbohydrate
polymers (notably glucomannans
) and a range of other low molecular weight
phenolic compounds including alkaloids
, anthraquinones
, anthrones
, benzene
and furan derivatives
, chromones
, coumarins
, flavonoids
, phytosterols
, pyrans
and pyrones
. There has been a wealth of information
published about the phytochemistry and therapeutic potential of the
Aloes (especially <i>Aloe vera</i>). Much of this has been
contradictory. Intra- and interspecies differences in the redox state
of the individual Aloe components and in
the ratios of these components may occur between individual plants.
These factors may all affect the physiological properties of Aloe
extracts. Due to the structure and chemical nature of many of the Aloe
phytochemicals, it is likely that many of the reported medicinal
properties are due to antioxidant or prooxidant effects. The
antioxidant/prooxidant activities of many Aloe phytochemicals depend not
only on their individual levels, but also on the ratios between the
various components and their individual redox states. Therefore,
discrepancies between bioactivity studies are likely when using
different crude mixtures. This report aims to summarise the
phytochemistry of the Aloes and (a) examine how their constituents may
be responsible for their medicinal properties and (b) some possible
reasons for the wide variations reported for their medicinal properties
and (c) their therapeutic mechanisms. Some future areas of research into
the medicinal activities of this important genus are also highlighted.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Keywords</h3><ul class="c-article-subject-list"><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span>
<i>Aloe vera</i>
</span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span>Inflammation</span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span>Anticancer</span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span>Antioxidant</span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span>Anthraquinone</span></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><span>Anthrone</span></li></ul></div></div></section>
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</div></div></article></main></div><p> </p>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-5074454805264009752023-03-03T11:06:00.006+01:002023-03-03T11:16:12.694+01:00Eteerisen kuminaöljyn tuoksuinen karvoni, Carvone, Karvon, on terpeeniketoni<p><a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/karvon.html"> http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/karvon.html</a></p><table align="right" style="width: 95%px;"><tbody><tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP"><td width="25%"><div align="left"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.shenet.se/recept/parfym.html">Parfym</a></span></b></div>
</td>
<td>
<div align="left"><b>Doftbeskrivning </b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><br />
1) D-karvon: Luktar eterisk <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/eokummin.html">kumminolja</a>.
<br />
2) L-karvon: Luktar eterisk <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/eogronmynta.html">grönmyntaolja</a>
men sötare och renare. <br />
<strong>Användning</strong><br />
1) D-karvon:
Kummindofter använda mycket i mat; kan ingå
med upp till 2 % av doftämnena. <br />
2) L-karvon:
Använda i <i>friska dofte</i>r där den kan utgöra
upp till 3 % av doftämnena.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%">
<div align="left"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.shenet.se/recept/rumsdoft.html">Rumsdoft</a></span></b></div>
</td>
<td><p><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">• <a href="http://www.shenet.se/recept/insektsmedel.html">insektsmedel</a>:</span> Stöter bort insekter.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%">
<div align="left"><a href="http://www.shenet.se/recept/massageolja.html"><b>Massage</b></a></div>
</td>
<td>Kramplösande på glatt muskulatur, vilket
är en del av förklaringen till att eteriska
oljor som <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/eokummin.html">kumminessens</a>
</span>är till hjälp vid kolik. </td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td colspan="2" width="100%">
<center>
</center>
<hr align="center" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%">
<div align="left"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Mat
och dryck</span></b></div>
</td>
<td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Smakämnen i matindustrin
- ger kummin- respektive myntasmak.</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%">
<div align="left"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Giftighet</span></b></div>
</td>
<td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Som så många
<a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/isolatketon.html">ketoner</a> - ja. <br />
1) d-karvon:
FAO/WHO har satt gränsen för acceptabelt dagligt
intag vid 1 mg per kilo kroppsvikt. Akut giftighet prövades i en
studie i början av 80-talet; 800 mg olja per kilo kroppsvikt
injicerad på möss framkallade kramper. Översatt till människa (70
kilo): injicerar man 54 gram karvon (56 ml) får man troligen
kramper. <br />
2) l-karvon: Åtminstone en av l-karvonerna uppges vara giftig,
men inte mer än att den används som smakämne
i livsmedel. </span></td><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> </span></td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><table align="right" style="width: 95%px;"><tbody><tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP"><td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><b>Farmakopéerna</b><br />
Karvon ersatte eterisk kumminolja i 1901 och 1908 års upplagor av
svenska farmakopén men kumminoljan togs tillbaka 1925. I Tyskland där
karvon var officinellt kring förra sekelskiftet kallades
det Oleum carvi, kumminoljans farmakopénamn i andra
länder. </span></td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Framställning</span></b></td>
<td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> 1) D-Karvon<br />
• Källor: Utgör den tyngre delen av <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/eokummin.html">kumminessens</a>
(50-60 %), mer ju mognare fröna är. Destilleras
också ur dillfröessens (35-60 %).</span> <br />
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">• Tillverkning: Terpenketon
(<a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/isolatterpen.html">monoterpen</a> och omättad
<a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/isolatketon.html">keton</a>) som oxideras (syre
upptas, väte avges) ur terpenen <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/limonen.html">L-limonen</a> (vänstervridande limonen).
</span> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><br />
2) L-Karvon<br />
• Källor: Mest i <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/eogronmynta.html">grönmyntaessens</a>
(50-70 %) varur det extraheras.<br />
</span> <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">• Tillverkning:
Terpenketon (monoterpen och omättad keton) som oxideras
ur terpenen D-limonen (högervridande limonen). </span></td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%">
<div align="left"><b>Beskrivning</b></div>
</td>
<td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Båda är färglösa
till ljusgula vätskor som gulnar i kontakt med luft.
De är kemiskt identiska men spegelvända och
luktar olika. </span></td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%">
<div align="left"><b><a href="http://www.shenet.se/referens/vikt.html">Mått
och vikt</a></b></div>
</td>
<td><p>100 ml väger ca 96 gram. 100 gram = ca 104 ml.</p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%">
<div align="left"><b><a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/losningsmedel.html">Löslighet</a></b></div>
</td>
<td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> • Lösliga i
48-50 % <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/alkohol.html">alkohol</a> (löses
klart i 20 delar), vegetabilisk <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/olja.html">olja</a>,
<a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/paraffin.html">mineralolja</a>, <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/propylenglykol.html">propylenglykol</a>.
<br />
• Olösliga i <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/vatten.html">vatten</a>,
<a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/glycerin.html">glycerin</a>.</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%"><b>Innehåll</b></td>
<td>Om ovanstående alkohollösning grumlas är
karvonet förorenat av karven, <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">den
rest som återstår i kumminolja när karvon
tagits bort; bestående huvudsakligen av <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/limonen.html">limonen</a>.</span> </td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%">
<div align="left"><b>Varianter</b></div>
</td>
<td>• Många ytterligare former - dl-, pino-, iso-, cis-,
trans-... </td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%">
<div align="left"><b>Ersättning</b></div>
</td>
<td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">• <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/eokummin.html">Kumminolja</a>
kan ersätta och ersättas av karvon. T. ex. tillät
1901 och 1908 års svenska farmakopéer att
karvon utlämnades om recept angav kumminolja. </span></td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td width="25%"><b>Hållbarhet</b></td>
<td><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;">Förvaras som </span><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"> <a href="http://www.shenet.se/ravaror/essens.html">eteriska
oljor</a> - mörkt, svalt, tillslutet. Inte särskilt
hållbart.</span> Gul färg är ett tecken
på att karvonet är gammalt eller har förvarats
fel. D-karvon används för att hindra potatis från att gro och mögla under lagring.</td>
</tr>
<tr align="LEFT" valign="TOP">
<td bgcolor="#FFFFCC" width="25%"><table style="width: 100%px;">
<tbody><tr>
<td align="left" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" valign="top"><b><span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica;"><a href="http://www.shenet.se/referens/inkop.html">Inköp</a></span></b></td>
<td align="center" bgcolor="#FFFFCC" valign="top"><span class="pytte"><em> We don't sell, we tell!</em></span></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table></td>
<td bgcolor="#FFFFCC">Inget man hittar i svenska butiker.</td></tr></tbody></table><p> </p><p> </p>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-86611515283617327692020-07-10T00:40:00.000+02:002020-07-10T00:40:12.979+02:00RhoGTPaasi, Geranylgeranyltransferaasi-1, podosyytti , Bpix <a href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/64541">https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/64541</a><br />
<br />
<div class="col25">
<div id="menuComp">
<br />
</div>
</div>
<div class="locationBar">
<a href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/">GUPEA</a> >
<br />
<a href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/17">Sahlgrenska Academy / Sahlgrenska akademin</a> >
<br />
<a href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/282">Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology / Inst för neurovetenskap och fysiologi</a> >
<br />
<a href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/544">Doctoral Theses / Doktorsavhandlingar Institutionen för neurovetenskap och fysiologi</a> >
</div>
<h4>
A Podocyte view on RhoGTPases and actin cytoskeleton regulation</h4>
Amplification of the <b>Melanocortin-1 Receptor </b>In Nephrotic Syndrome
Identifies a Target for Podocyte Cytoskeleton Stabilization. Bergwall L,
Wallentin H, Elvin J, Liu P, Boi R, Sihlbom C, Hayes K, Wright D,
Haraldsson B, Nyström J and Buvall L. Scientific Reports (2018) 8 (1),
15731<a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-34004-7"><br />VISA ARTIKEL</a><br /><br />II:
Podocyte<b> Geranylgeranyl transferase type I</b> is essential for maintenance
of the glomerular filtration barrier function. Bergwall L, Boi R, Akula
M.K, Ebefors K, Bergo O.M, Nyström J, Buvall L. Manuscript.<br /><br />The
Role of <b>Beta-pix </b>in podocyte <b>Rac1</b> activation and cytoskeleton
rearrangement. Bergwall L, Wallentin H, Boi R, Svensk S, Lövljung V,
Sihlbom C, Weins A, Ericsson A, William-Olsson L, Granqvist B. A,
Ebefors K, Nyström J, Buvall L. Manuscript.<br />
<br />
Fredagen den 4 september 2020, kl 9.00, Hjärtats Aula, Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset, Göteborg<br />
<span>Proteinuria is a hallmark symptom of chronic kidney disease, that
if left to persist constitutes a risk for progression of disease.
Symptomatic treatment aiming at decreasing proteinuria is therefore
standard practice. Curative treatments for the underlying cause of
disease are however lacking and treatments currently in use to induce
disease remission are associated with unfavorable side effects.
Dysregulation of the podocyte actin cytoskeleton underlies the
pathological process called foot pro<span id="dc.description.abstract_text_second" style="display: inline;">cess
effacement (FPE), which is one of the leading causes of proteinuria.
The studies included in this thesis have focused on podocyte actin
cytoskeleton regulation and a group of proteins called <b>RhoGTPases, known
to be involved in actin cytoskeleton regulation in podocytes</b>. In the
first study, glomerular microarray analysis showed an increase in the
expression of<b> the melanocortin 1-receptor (MC1R)</b> in renal diseases focal
segmental glomerulosclerosis and membranous nephropathy. Subsequent
mass spectrometry analysis in combination with pathway and biochemical
analysis revealed the podocyte protective effects of MC1R stimulation in
vitro. Activation of MC1R proved to be stabilizing the podocyte actin
cytoskeleton through inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor
(<b>EGFR</b>) and maintenance of the actin associated protein <b>synaptopodin</b>. In
the second study, the depletion of the<b> prenylation enzyme Geranylgeranyl
transferase type I (GGTase-I)</b> in <b>podocytes</b> led to the development of
proteinuria and FPE in mice due to an imbalanced RhoGTPase activity and
disruption of the actin cytoskeleton.<b> These findings suggest that
GGTase-I activity is essential for podocyte function. </b>In the last study,
a <b>guanine nucleotide exchange factor </b>(activator of RhoGTPases) named
<b>Bpix</b> was identified to be modulated in podocytes following treatment
with a renal stressor, using mass spectrometry analysis. Gene silencing
of Bpix protected against actin cytoskeleton remodulation in a model of
podocyte injury, demonstrating the importance of Bpix for podocyte actin
cytoskeleton regulation.
In conclusion, the results in this thesis confirm the importance of
actin cytoskeleton regulation for podocyte integrity. Further on, the
results provide new information on actin cytoskeleton regulatory
pathways involving RhoGTPases in podocytes, which can be of importance
for future attempts in finding targeted treatments of proteinuria and
chronic kidney disease.</span></span> Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-75014594052758435352020-07-02T16:49:00.001+02:002020-07-02T16:49:21.781+02:00Prenylaatio on posttranslationaalinen modifikaatio eräisiin proteiiniin. Otan sitaattina vielä netistä biologian opetusta prenylaatiosta, sillä SARS2-viruksella on muutamia interaktioproteiineja prenyloiduissa ihmisen proteiineissa kuten RAB14 ( Ras onkogeeni-perheen jäsen) , RALA( Ras like proto-onkogeeni A), RAB5C, RAB7A, RAB2A, RAB10, RHOA (Ras homologisen perheen jäsen A).<br />
<b>Prenylaatiotie</b> taas on maailmassa yleisesti lääkkein vaikutettuna, koska sen tien päädyssä on koplesterolisynteesi, jota koetetaan säätää. Mitä lääkesäätö vaikuttaa prenylaation normaalikarttaan kehossa, on toinen asia. Prenylaatiotie on kompromittoitunut syövissä.<br />
<a href="https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12035-013-8627-z/MediaObjects/12035_2013_8627_Fig1_HTML.gif">https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12035-013-8627-z/MediaObjects/12035_2013_8627_Fig1_HTML.gif</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://what-when-how.com/molecular-biology/prenylation-molecular-biology/">https://what-when-how.com/molecular-biology/prenylation-molecular-biology/</a><br />
<div class="headline_area">
<h4 class="entry-title">
Prenylation (Molecular Biology)</h4>
</div>
<b>Prenylation or isoprenylation</b> is a
post-translational modification (PTM) process in which cysteine residues close
to the C-terminal regions of some eukaryotic proteins are
biosynthetically modified with an isoprenoid lipid: the 15-carbon
farnesyl group or the 20-carbon geranylgeranyl group (see Fig. 1 and
Table 1). Prenylation provides some proteins with a hydrophobic membrane
anchor, and is important for their correct localization within the
cell. Prenylation is one of several processes that attach lipid membrane
anchors to proteins (see Membrane Anchors).<br />
<br />
<b>Figure 1. Modification of C-terminal cysteine residues by
prenyl groups. The C-terminal cysteine residue of the protein is
outlined by the dotted line. The thiol group is thioether-linked to
either a farnesyl or a geranylgeranyl group, and the exposed carboxyl
group is methylated.</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<a href="http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/tmp1C12_thumb.jpg">http://what-when-how.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/tmp1C12_thumb.jpg </a><br />
<br clear="all" />
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="bookmark2"></a><b>Table 1. Examples of Prenylated Proteins</b><br />
<b> </b> <br />
<b>Farnesylated </b><br />
Ras proteins <br />
Transducin g subunit <br />
Rhodopsin kinase <br />
Nuclear lamins A and B <br />
Fungal mating pheromonesa <br />
<b>Geranylgeranylated</b> <br />
g subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins <br />
Ras-related G-proteins (<b>Rho</b>/Rac/Rap/Ral/<b>Rab</b>)<br />
<br />
<b>Isoprenoids are branched unsaturated hydrocarbons that</b>
are synthesized in eukaryotic cells from <b>acetyl Coenzyme A (Acetyl CoA) </b>by the first
part of the metabolic pathway that is used to synthesize cholesterol
and other sterols.<br />
Attachment of isoprenoids to proteins is a
post-translational process with four main steps:<br />
1) recognition of the
C-terminal sequence (<b>C</b>AAX) by one of three distinct prenyltransferases (1);<br />
2)
prenylation of a cysteine (<b>C</b>) residue(s) located at or close to the
C-terminus using farnesylpyrophosphate (FPP) or geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) as
the substrate;<br />
3) proteolysis of the C-terminal residues (-AAX) exposes the
carboxyl group on the prenylated cysteine; and<br />
4) the isoprenylated
cysteine is recognized by a <b>methyltransferase</b>, which methylates the
carboxyl group using S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) as the methyl donor.<br />
Steps 1)
to 3) take place in the <b>cytosol,</b> whereas step 4) occurs on the
<b>cytoplasmic surface</b> of the <b>endoplasmic reticulum</b> (ER) or the plasma membrane (PM) .<br />
Thus efficient methylation requires prior isoprenylation to localize
the protein at the membrane surface. The thioether linkage between the
cysteine and the prenyl group is chemically <i>very stable</i> and <i>probably not
subject to metabolic turnover</i>. However, the carboxylic ester linkage to
the methyl group is relatively labile, and may be removed after
attachment. These steps differ substantially between proteins, depending
on the sequence motif at the C-terminus:<br />
<br />
<b>1. Cys-a-a-X (CAAX) </b> If X is serine (S) , methionine (M), or
glutamine (E), it is recognized by<b> farnesyl transferase (FTase)</b>, and the cysteine
residue will be farnesylated.<br />
If X is leucine (L), it is recognized by
<b>geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGTase-1)</b>, and the cysteine residue will be
geranylgeranylated. The identity of the "a" residues (usually aliphatic)
is less important, but can influence whether isoprenylation takes place
or not.<br />
Farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyltransferase I are both
heterodimers; they have identical a subunits, whereas the a subunits
have only 30% identify.<br />
Farnesylation can also occur at the C-terminus
of a variety of fungal mating pheromone peptides, and in yeast the same
enzyme is used for farnesylating both proteins and peptides. Although
farnesyl groups have relatively low affinity for membranes themselves,
they can enhance the membrane association due to other lipid groups.
Farnesyl groups, because of their small size, may also play an important
role in protein-protein interactions by binding directly to specific
sites on other proteins (2, 3).<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>2. Cys-Cys, Cys-X-Cys or Cys-Cys-X-X.</b><br />
(CC, CXC or CCXX) These double
cysteine motifs (CC) are restricted to the <b>Rab subgroup of Ras-related small
G-proteins.</b> The Rab protein first forms a complex with <b>Rab escort
protein</b> (REP1, CHM).<br />
The Rab-REP complex is then recognized by
<b>geranylgeranyltransferase II.</b><br />
<b> </b>After prenylation, REP remains bound to
Rab until it is delivered to the membrane.<br />
REP (CHM) probably has a dual role:
recognition of Rab and masking the two geranylgeranyl groups until they
can be inserted into the appropriate membrane. Both cysteines are
geranylgeranylated, and consequently proteolysis cannot occur. The
C-terminus is not methylated in those Rab proteins ending with the
sequence Cys-Cys (4).<br />
<br />
<b>Many of the prenylated proteins are involved in signal transduction or vesicle traffic,</b>
and the prenyl group, by facilitating rapid and reversible binding to
membranes, plays an essential role in these functions (5, 6).<br />
The
membrane affinity of the prenylated proteins can be influenced by four
different mechanisms (for a general discussion of factors which can
affect membrane affinity of lipid anchored proteins, see Membrane
Anchors): <br />
<b>1.</b> The attachment of a<b> palmitate </b>residue (see
Palmitoylation) <b>to a cysteine </b>close to the C-terminus reinforces the
binding (eg, <b>as in H- or N-Ras</b>). <b>Palmitoylation only occurs in
membranes</b>, however, so <b>prenylation is required for it to take place </b>(7).
<br />
<b>2.</b> The presence of basic residues close to the
C-terminus will result in electrostatic attraction to the negatively
charged bilayer surface (as in K-Ras) and increase membrane affinity
(8). <br />
<b>3.</b> Methylation converts the C-terminal residue from a
negatively charged, hydrophilic group to an uncharged, hydrophobic
group and increases membrane affinity approximately 10-fold (5, 6)). The
increase in affinity is due to the hydrophobicity of the methyl group,
rather than a reduction in electrostatic repulsion, because methylation
gives comparable increases in binding to uncharged membranes.
Methylation can have a profound influence on the cellular distribution
of farnesylated proteins, because the <b>farnesyl group is too short to
provide an effective anchor by itself</b>. Turnover of the methyl group has
also been observed, and it is possible that repeated cycles of
methylation and demethylation are used to regulate protein function. <br />
<b>4.</b> The membrane affinity will be reduced by soluble
carrier proteins, which are able to bind to the isoprenyl group(s) and
mask them from the aqueous environment. This mechanism is important for
the repeated releasing and recycling of Rab proteins during membrane
vesicular traffic processes (9, 10)).<br />
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Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-91819171451082042072020-07-02T15:56:00.001+02:002020-07-02T15:56:24.132+02:00Zolendronaatti vaikuttaa prenylaatioon ja mm. sitä tietä voi olla eduksi covid-19 hoidossa <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32600410/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32600410/</a><br />
<div class="article-citation">
<div class="publication-type">
Review</div>
<div class="article-source">
<div class="journal-actions dropdown-block">
<span class="period"></span><span class="cit">2020 Jun 29;18(1):261.</span>
</div>
</div>
<span class="citation-doi">
doi: 10.1186/s12967-020-02433-6.
</span>
</div>
Boning Up: Amino-Bisphophonates as Immunostimulants and Endosomal Disruptors of Dendritic Cell in SARS-CoV-2 Infection
<div class="inline-authors">
<div class="authors">
<div class="authors-list">
<span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Adam Brufsky" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Brufsky+A&cauthor_id=32600410">Adam Brufsky</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32600410/#affiliation-1">
1
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Juan Luis Gomez Marti" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Marti+JLG&cauthor_id=32600410">Juan Luis Gomez Marti</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32600410/#affiliation-2">
2
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Azadeh Nasrazadani" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Nasrazadani+A&cauthor_id=32600410">Azadeh Nasrazadani</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32600410/#affiliation-3">
3
</a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-label="Michael T Lotze" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Lotze+MT&cauthor_id=32600410">Michael T Lotze</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32600410/#affiliation-4">
4
</a></sup></span>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="short-article-details">
Affiliations
</div>
<span class="identifier pubmed">
<span class="id-label">
PMID:
</span>
<strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">32600410</strong>
</span>
<br />
<span class="identifier pmc">
<span class="id-label">
PMCID:
</span>
<a class="id-link" data-ga-action="doi" data-ga-category="full_text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc7322393/" target="_blank">
PMC7322393
</a>
</span>
<br />
<span class="identifier doi">
<span class="id-label">
DOI:
</span>
<a class="id-link" data-ga-action="doi" data-ga-category="full_text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-020-02433-6" target="_blank">
10.1186/s12967-020-02433-6
</a>
</span>
<br />
<span class="free-label">Free PMC article</span><br />
<span class="free-label"> </span>Abstract
<br />
<div class="abstract" id="abstract">
<div class="abstract-content selected" id="en-abstract">
Amino-bisphosphonates such as zoledronic acid (ZA) can possibly
ameliorate or prevent severe COVID-19 disease by at least three distinct
mechanisms: (1) as immunostimulants which could boost γδ T cell
expansion, important in the acute response in the lung; (2) as DC
modulators, limiting their ability to only partially activate T cells;
and (3) <b>as prenylation inhibitors of small GTPases </b>in the endosomal
pathway of the DC to prevent expulsion of lysosomes containing
SARS-CoV-2 virions. Use of ZA or other amino-bisphosphonates as
modulators of COVID-19 disease should be considered.
<br />
</div>
<strong class="sub-title">
Keywords:
</strong>
Bisphosphonates; Glycoproteins; Immune response; SARS Coronavirus.
<br />
</div>
<div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest">
Conflict of interest statement
<div class="statement">
AB is a paid consultant for Novartis, Amgen, and Sandoz. MTL, JG, and AR have no competing interests.<br />
Zoledronic acid (ZA) acts as immunostimulant and endosomal disruptor of
dendritic cell in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Inhaled SARS-CoV-2 particles are
internalized by the DC (top). In COVID-19 disease, there is depletion
of γδ T cells (bottom-left). In addition, virion release depends on
prenylation signaling derived from the mevalonate pathway. On the other
hand, ZA (bottom-right) inhibits the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate
(GPP) to farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP), increasing the concentrations of
isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP). Release of IPP induces γ9δ2 T-cell
expansion by phosphoantigen recognition, mediated by
butyrophilin-presentation. Downstream inhibition of prenylation reduces
the activity of GTPases, decreasing the release of SARS-CoV-2. ZA also
affects differentiation of the DC with downregulation of the expression
of CD1a, CD11c, CD83, CD86, DC-SIGN, and HLA-DR and enhancement of the
expression of CD80. Figure was created using BioRender https://biorender.com/ <br />
</div>
</div>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-10500805960902060332020-07-02T13:28:00.003+02:002020-07-02T14:54:27.794+02:00RAB perheen, Ras onkogeenin kaltaisen perheen prenylaatiosta <h4>
1) CHM, (Xq21.2) <span class="hilite">, <span style="font-weight: normal;">Rab</span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"> proteins geranylgeranyltransferase component A1, (REP-1)</span></h4>
<a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CHM&keywords=Rab,prenylation">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CHM&keywords=Rab,prenylation</a><br />
<div class="gc-subsection">
Aliases for CHM Gene<br />
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
<span id="aliasMainName">CHM <span class="hilite">Rab</span> Escort Protein</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/1940" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=1121" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000188419" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
<br />
<b><span class="hilite">Rab</span> Proteins Geranylgeranyltransferase Component A 1</b> <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=1121" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P24386" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
Choroideremia (<span class="hilite">Rab</span> Escort Protein 1) <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/1940" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=1121" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
CHM, <span class="hilite">Rab</span> Escort Protein 1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/1940" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=1121" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">Rab</span> Escort Protein 1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/1940" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P24386" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
REP-1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=1121" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P24386" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
TCD <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=1121" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P24386" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
Choroideremia Protein <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P24386" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
TCD Protein <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P24386" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
HSD-32 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=1121" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
DXS540 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=1121" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
GGTA <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=1121" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
REP1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P24386" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
</div>
<div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 gc-double-column-desktop">
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="gc-subsection">
<br />
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
Entrez Gene Summary for CHM Gene</div>
<ul class="list-unstyled">
</ul>
This gene encodes <b>component A</b> of the <b><span class="hilite">RAB</span> geranylgeranyl transferase holoenzyme. </b>In the dimeric holoenzyme, this subunit binds unprenylated <span class="hilite">Rab</span> GTPases and then presents them to the catalytic <span class="hilite">Rab</span> GGTase subunit for the geranylgeranyl transfer reaction. <span class="hilite">Rab</span>
GTPases need to be geranylgeranyled on either one or two cysteine
residues in their C-terminus to localize to the correct intracellular
membrane. Mutations in this gene are a cause of choroideremia; also
known as tapetochoroidal dystrophy (TCD). This X-linked disease is
characterized by progressive dystrophy of the choroid, retinal pigment
epithelium and retina. Alternatively spliced transcript variants have
been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Mar 2016]<br />
<ul class="list-unstyled">
</ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<b>GeneCards Summary for CHM Gene
</b></div>
CHM (CHM <span class="hilite">Rab</span> Escort Protein) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with CHM include <a href="http://www.malacards.org/card/choroideremia" target="_blank" title="See Choroideremia at Malacards">Choroideremia</a> and <a href="http://www.malacards.org/card/retinitis_pigmentosa" target="_blank" title="See Retinitis Pigmentosa at Malacards">Retinitis Pigmentosa</a>.
Among its related pathways are <a href="http://pathcards.genecards.org/card/metabolism_of_proteins" target="_blank" title="See Metabolism of proteins at Pathcards">Metabolism of proteins</a> and <a href="http://pathcards.genecards.org/card/rab_gefs_exchange_gtp_for_gdp_on_rabs" target="_blank" title="See RAB GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on RABs at Pathcards"><span class="hilite">RAB</span> GEFs exchange GTP for GDP on <span class="hilite">RAB</span>s</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <i>GTPase activator activity</i> and <i><span class="hilite">Rab</span> geranylgeranyltransferase activity</i>.
An important paralog of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CHML" target="_blank">CHML</a>.</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<span style="font-size: small;">UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for CHM Gene</span>: Substrate-binding subunit of the <span class="hilite">Rab</span> geranylgeranyltransferase (GGTase) complex. Binds unprenylated <span class="hilite">Rab</span> proteins and presents the substrate peptide to the catalytic component B composed of <span class="hilite">RAB</span>GGTA and <span class="hilite">RAB</span>GGTB,
and remains bound to it after the geranylgeranyl transfer reaction. The
component A is thought to be regenerated by transferring its prenylated
<span class="hilite">Rab</span> back to the donor membrane. Besides, a pre-formed complex consisting of CHM and the <span class="hilite">Rab</span> GGTase dimer (RGGT or component B) can bind to and prenylate <span class="hilite">Rab</span> proteins; this alternative pathway is proposed to be the predominant pathway for <span class="hilite">Rab</span> protein geranylgeranylation.
<a class="gc-ga-link " href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P24386#function" target="_blank">RAE1_HUMAN,P24386</a></div>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<br />
2)<b> RABAC1,</b> RAB Acceptor 1<br />
<a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RABAC1&keywords=Rab,prenylation">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RABAC1&keywords=Rab,prenylation</a><br />
Aliases for RABAC1 Gene<br />
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="col-xs-8">
<span id="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite">Rab</span> Acceptor 1</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9794" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10567" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000105404" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
<br />
Prenylated <span class="hilite">Rab</span> Acceptor Protein 1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10567" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UI14" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">Rab</span> Acceptor 1 (Prenylated) <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9794" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10567" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
Prenylated <span class="hilite">Rab</span> Acceptor 1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9794" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10567" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
PRA1 Family Protein 1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10567" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UI14" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
PRA1 Domain Family 1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9794" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10567" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
PRAF1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10567" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UI14" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
PRA1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10567" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UI14" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
YIP3 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10567" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
GeneCards Summary for RABAC1 Gene
</div>
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>AC1 (<span class="hilite">Rab</span> Acceptor 1) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with <span class="hilite">RAB</span>AC1 include <a href="http://www.malacards.org/card/pontocerebellar_hypoplasia_type_3_2" target="_blank" title="See Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia, Type 3 at Malacards">Pontocerebellar Hypoplasia, Type 3</a> and <a href="http://www.malacards.org/card/subvalvular_aortic_stenosis" target="_blank" title="See Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis at Malacards">Subvalvular Aortic Stenosis</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <i>identical protein binding</i> and <i>proline-rich region binding</i>.
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary for RABAC1 Gene</div>
<b>General <span class="hilite">Rab</span>
protein regulator required for vesicle formation from the Golgi complex.</b>
May control vesicle docking and fusion by mediating the action of <span class="hilite">Rab</span> GTPases to the SNARE complexes. In addition it inhibits the removal of <span class="hilite">Rab</span> GTPases from the membrane by GDI.<a class="gc-ga-link " href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q9UI14#function" target="_blank"> PRAF1_HUMAN,Q9UI14</a></div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<ul>
<li><u>(3) Some RAB Ras oncogene family membres: </u></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<b> RAB14 (9q33.2) </b>(SARS2 nsp7 interaction protein) <b><br /></b></div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB14&keywords=Rab,prenylation"> https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB14&keywords=Rab,prenylation</a></div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection">
Aliases for RAB14 Gene<br />
<div class="col-xs-8">
<span id="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite">RAB</span>14, Member RAS Oncogene Family</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16524" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=51552" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000119396" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
<br />
BA165P4.3 (Member RAS Oncogene Family) <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16524" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=51552" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
Small GTP Binding Protein <span class="hilite">RAB</span>14 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16524" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=51552" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
F Protein-Binding Protein 1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/16524" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=51552" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
Ras-Related Protein <span class="hilite">Rab</span>-14 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=51552" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P61106" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>-14 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=51552" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
FBP <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=51552" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</div>
</div>
RAB14 Gene: Involved in membrane trafficking between the Golgi complex and endosomes
during early embryonic development. Regulates the Golgi to endosome
transport of FGFR-containing vesicles during early development, a key
process for developing basement membrane and epiblast and primitive
endoderm lineages during early postimplantation development. May act by
modulating the kinesin KIF16B-cargo association to endosomes (By
similarity). Regulates, together with its guanine nucleotide exchange
factor DENND6A, the specific endocytic transport of ADAM10,
N-cadherin/CDH2 shedding and cell-cell adhesion.
<a class="gc-ga-link " href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P61106#function" target="_blank"><span class="hilite">RAB</span>14_HUMAN,P61106</a></div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<b> RAB5C (17q21.2)</b> (SARS2 nsp7 interaction protein) </div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<b>h<a href="ttps://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB5C&keywords=Rab,prenylation">ttps://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB5C&keywords=Rab,prenylation</a></b></div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
Aliases for RAB5C Gene<br />
<div class="col-xs-8">
<span id="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite">RAB</span>5C, Member RAS Oncogene Family</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9785" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5878" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000108774" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>5C, Member Of RAS Oncogene Family <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9785" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5878" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
Ras-Related Protein <span class="hilite">Rab</span>-5C <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5878" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P51148" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
L1880 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5878" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P51148" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>5L <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5878" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P51148" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>L <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5878" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P51148" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>, Member Of RAS Oncogene Family-Like <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9785" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>5CL <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5878" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</div>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<span style="font-size: small;">Entrez Gene Summary for RAB5C Gene</span><span style="font-size: small;"> Members of the <span class="hilite">Rab</span>
protein family are small GTPases of the Ras superfamily that are thought
to ensure fidelity in the process of docking and/or fusion of vesicles
with their correct acceptor compartment (Han et al., 1996 [PubMed
8646882]).[supplied by OMIM, Nov 2010]</span></div>
</div>
<div class="gc-subsection">
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">GeneCards Summary for RAB5C Gene
</span></div>
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>5C (<span class="hilite">RAB</span>5C, Member RAS Oncogene Family) is a Protein Coding gene.
Diseases associated with <span class="hilite">RAB</span>5C include <a href="http://www.malacards.org/card/argentine_hemorrhagic_fever" target="_blank" title="See Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever at Malacards">Argentine Hemorrhagic Fever</a>.
Among its related pathways are <a href="http://pathcards.genecards.org/card/metabolism_of_proteins" target="_blank" title="See Metabolism of proteins at Pathcards">Metabolism of proteins</a> and <a href="http://pathcards.genecards.org/card/innate_immune_system" target="_blank" title="See Innate Immune System at Pathcards">Innate Immune System</a>.
Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include <i>GTP binding</i> and <i>GDP binding</i>.
An important paralog of this gene is <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB5A" target="_blank"><span class="hilite">RAB</span>5A</a>.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>
</b></div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b>RAB7A (3q21.3)</b> (SARS2 nsp7 interaction protein) </span></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB7A&keywords=Rab,prenylation">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB7A&keywords=Rab,prenylation</a></span></span> <br />
<div class="gc-subsection">
Aliases for RAB7A Gene<br />
<div class="col-xs-8">
<span id="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite">RAB</span>7A, Member RAS Oncogene Family</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9788" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=7879" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000075785" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>7, Member RAS Oncogene Family <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9788" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=7879" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
Ras-Related Protein <span class="hilite">Rab</span>-7a <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=7879" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P51149" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>7 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=7879" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P51149" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Neuropathy 2B <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9788" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<br />
Ras-Associated Protein <span class="hilite">RAB</span>7 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=7879" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
PRO2706 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=7879" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
CMT2B <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=7879" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</div>
</div>
RAB7A Gene:<br />
Key regulator in endo-lysosomal trafficking.
Governs early-to-late endosomal maturation, microtubule minus-end as
well as plus-end directed endosomal migration and positioning, and
endosome-lysosome transport through different protein-protein
interaction cascades. Plays a central role, not only in endosomal
traffic, but also in many other cellular and physiological events, such
as growth-factor-mediated cell signaling, nutrient-transporter mediated
nutrient uptake, neurotrophin transport in the axons of neurons and
lipid metabolism. Also involved in regulation of some specialized
endosomal membrane trafficking, such as maturation of melanosomes,
pathogen-induced phagosomes (or vacuoles) and autophagosomes. Plays a
role in the maturation and acidification of phagosomes that engulf
pathogens, such as S.aureus and M.tuberculosis. Plays a role in the
fusion of phagosomes with lysosomes. Plays important roles in microbial
pathogen infection and survival, as well as<b> in participating in the life
cycle of viruses. </b>Microbial pathogens possess survival strategies
governed by <span class="hilite">RAB</span>7A, sometimes by employing <span class="hilite">RAB</span>7A function (e.g. Salmonella) and sometimes by excluding <span class="hilite">RAB</span>7A
function (e.g. Mycobacterium). In concert with RAC1, plays a role in
regulating the formation of RBs (ruffled borders) in osteoclasts.
Controls the endosomal trafficking and neurite outgrowth signaling of
NTRK1/TRKA (PubMed:11179213, PubMed:12944476, PubMed:14617358,
PubMed:20028791, PubMed:21255211). Regulates the endocytic trafficking
of the EGF-EGFR complex by regulating its lysosomal degradation.
Involved in the ADRB2-stimulated lipolysis through lipophagy, a
cytosolic lipase-independent autophagic pathway (By similarity).
Required for the exosomal release of SDCBP, CD63 and syndecan
(PubMed:22660413). <a class="gc-ga-link " href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P51149#function" target="_blank"><span class="hilite">RAB</span>7A_HUMAN,P51149</a></div>
<div class="gc-subsection-header">
<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> RAB2A (8q12.1-q12.2) </b> (SARS2 nsp7 interaction protein)<b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB2A&keywords=Rab,prenylation">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB2A&keywords=Rab,prenylation</a><b><br /></b></span></span><br />
<div class="gc-subsection">
Aliases for RAB2A Gene<br />
<div class="col-xs-8">
<span id="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite">RAB</span>2A, Member RAS Oncogene Family</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9763" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5862" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000104388" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>2, Member RAS Oncogene Family <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9763" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5862" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
Ras-Related Protein <span class="hilite">Rab</span>-2A <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5862" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P61019" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>2 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5862" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P61019" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
Small GTP Binding Protein <span class="hilite">RAB</span>2A <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5862" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
LHX <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5862" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</div>
</div>
External Ids for RAB2A Gene<br />
Summary for RAB2A Gene.. Required for protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex.
<a class="gc-ga-link " href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P61019#function" target="_blank"><span class="hilite">RAB</span>2A_HUMAN,P610</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> RAB10, ( 2p23.3) </b></span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">(SARS2 nsp7 interaction protein)</span></span></b></span></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB10&keywords=RAB10">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB10&keywords=RAB10 </a></b></span></span><br />
<span id="aliasMainName">RAB10, Member RAS Oncogene Family</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9759" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10890" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000084733" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
<br />
Ras-Related GTP-Binding Protein <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9759" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10890" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
Ras-Related Protein Rab-10 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10890" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P61026" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
GTP-Binding Protein RAB10 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=10890" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
<div class="col-xs-8">
</div>
<span style="font-weight: normal;"></span><br />
RAB10 Gene. The small GTPases Rab are key regulators of
intracellular membrane trafficking, from the formation of transport
vesicles to their fusion with membranes (PubMed:21248164). Rabs cycle
between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form that is
able to recruit to membranes different set of downstream effectors
directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement, tethering and
fusion (PubMed:21248164). That Rab is mainly involved in the
biosynthetic transport of proteins from the Golgi to the plasma membrane
(PubMed:21248164). Regulates, for instance, SLC2A4/GLUT4 glucose
transporter-enriched vesicles delivery to the plasma membrane (By
similarity). In parallel, it regulates the transport of TLR4, a
toll-like receptor to the plasma membrane and therefore may be important
for<b> innate immune response</b> (By similarity). Plays also a specific role
in asymmetric protein transport to the plasma membrane
(PubMed:16641372). In neurons, it is involved in axonogenesis through
regulation of vesicular membrane trafficking toward the axonal plasma
membrane (By similarity). In epithelial cells, it regulates transport
from the Golgi to the basolateral membrane (PubMed:16641372). May play a
role in the basolateral recycling pathway and in phagosome maturation
(By similarity). May play a role in endoplasmic reticulum dynamics and
morphology controlling tubulation along microtubules and tubules fusion
(PubMed:23263280). Together with LRRK2, RAB8A, and RILPL1, it regulates
ciliogenesis (PubMed:30398148). When phosphorylated by LRRK2 on Thr-73,
binds RILPL1 and inhibits ciliogenesis (PubMed:30398148).
<a class="gc-ga-link " href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P61026#function" target="_blank">RAB10_HUMAN,P61026</a><br />
<br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><b> RAB1A (2p14)</b> </span></span><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> (SARS2 nsp7 interaction protein)</span></span><br />
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB1A&keywords=Rab,prenylation">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAB1A&keywords=Rab,prenylation</a></span></span><br />
<div class="gc-subsection">
Aliases for RAB1A Gene<br />
<div class="col-xs-8">
<span id="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite">RAB</span>1A, Member RAS Oncogene Family</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9758" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5861" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000138069" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
<br />
Ras-Related Protein <span class="hilite">Rab</span>-1A <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5861" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P62820" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
YPT1-Related Protein <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5861" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P62820" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5861" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P62820" target="_blank" title="UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot">4</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">RAB</span>1, Member RAS Oncogene Family <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5861" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">Rab</span> GTPase YPT1 Homolog (Yeast) <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/9758" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<br />
GTP Binding Protein <span class="hilite">Rab</span>1a <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5861" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
<span class="hilite">Rab</span> GTPase YPT1 Homolog <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5861" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<br />
YPT1 <sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=5861" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
</div>
</div>
Summary for RAB1A Gene<br />
The small GTPases <span class="hilite">Rab</span>
are key regulators of intracellular membrane trafficking, from the
formation of transport vesicles to their fusion with membranes. <span class="hilite">Rab</span>s
cycle between an inactive GDP-bound form and an active GTP-bound form
that is able to recruit to membranes different sets of downstream
effectors directly responsible for vesicle formation, movement,
tethering and fusion. <span class="hilite">RAB</span>1A regulates
vesicular protein transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the
Golgi compartment and on to the cell surface, and plays a role in IL-8
and growth hormone secretion. Regulates the level of CASR present at the
cell membrane. Plays a role in cell adhesion and cell migration, via
its role in protein trafficking. Plays a role in autophagosome assembly
and cellular defense reactions against pathogenic bacteria. Plays a role
in microtubule-dependent protein transport by early endosomes and in
anterograde melanosome transport.<a class="gc-ga-link " href="http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P62820#function" target="_blank"><span class="hilite"> RAB</span>1A_HUMAN,P62820</a><br />
<br />
<a href="https://d3i71xaburhd42.cloudfront.net/aeaacd9d65e2bb166d22d1483b2406eb84d1c7d4/4-Figure3-1.png"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"> https://d3i71xaburhd42.cloudfront.net/aeaacd9d65e2bb166d22d1483b2406eb84d1c7d4/4-Figure3-1.png</span></span></a></div>
</div>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-62907975347351107682020-07-02T13:13:00.002+02:002020-07-02T13:13:56.594+02:00GERANYLGERANYLAATIO luonnollisessa immuniteetissa. CAAX proteiinit (Thesis 2018) <div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Naga Venkata Muralikrishna Akula (2018) </div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
: Defining the importance of protein geranylgeranylation in innate immunity ISBN 978-91-234-2 (</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Eilisen väitöskirjan (14.12. 2028) ruotsalainen yhteenveto löytyi väitöskirjan
sivuilta ja teen siitä suomennosta:<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
”Ensimmäisen tyypin geranyylgeranyyli-transferaasi-entsyymi
(<b>GGT-1)</b> kytkee noin sataan solun sisäproteiiniin erään rasvamolekyylin,<b> isoprenoidin</b> ja tätä prosessia sanotaan<b> </b>proteiinin prenyloimiseksi (<b> prenylaatio</b>).<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Eräs prenyloituvien
proteiinien luokka on <b>RHO-proteiinit</b>.(<b> Esim: RHOA, R</b>as-<b>ho</b>molog family member<b>A</b>) . <br />
RHO-proteiinit ovat
infektioissa ja vaurioissa aktivoituvien tulehdussolujen funktiolle
tärkeitä. On oltu kauan sitä mieltä, että RHO-proteiinit
pystyvät kiinnittymään solukalvoon prenyloituina helpommin päästen kontaktiin RHO-proteiinien
aktivaattoriproteiinien kanssa.<br />
<br />
Kun ensi kertaa alettiin tätä
tutkia, havaittiin odotetusti hiiren makrofagien GGT-1-geenin poiston estävän RHO-proteiinien modifioitumisen ,
mutta <b>odottamato</b><b>n</b><b>ta löytöä</b> oli, että
inaktivoitumisen sijasta RHO-proteiinit koostuivat kokoon
aktiivissa muodossaan, ja makrofageista tuli hyperaktiivisia, jolloin
aiheuttivat tulehdusta ja nivelreumaa.<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-style: normal;">Tutkijoita
kiinnosti myös, </span><span style="font-style: normal;">millä tavalla <b>
</b></span><span style="font-style: normal;">statiinit pystyvät
aktivoimaan RHO-proteiineja ja stimuloimaan esiin tulehduksellisten
ainesten tuotannon. </span><br />
<span style="font-style: normal;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-style: normal;">Kun </span><span style="font-style: normal;"><b>statiinit</b></span><span style="font-style: normal;">
estävät kolesterolin syntetisoitumista, estyy myös kyseessä
olevien RHO-proteiinien prenylaatioon tarvittavien prenyloivien
lipidimolekyyl</span><span style="font-style: normal;">ien</span><span style="font-style: normal;">
(isoprenoidien) tuotanto. </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-style: normal;">Tämä väitöstyö koettaa vstata näihin kysymyksiin. </span><br />
<span style="font-style: normal;"> </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Ensimmäisessä
osatyössä</b> tutkijaryhmä havaitsi, että GGT-1-puutteisissa
makrofageissa aktivoitui <b>pyriini-inflammasomi</b> (MEFV) ja <b>kaspaasi-1</b>,
mitkä johtivat inflammaatiota käynnistävien ainesten kuten
IL-1beetan tuotantoon.<br />
<br />
<b>Toisessa osatyössä </b>tutkijat havaitsivat, että
hiirillä RHO-proteiini<b> RAC1</b> yksinään vastasi tulehduksen ja reumatismin
kehkeytymisestä.<br />
Lisäksi tutkijat havaitsivat, että jos RAC1 jää
prenyloitumatta, se muuttuu hyperaktiiviseksi, sillä se saa vahvasti
lisääntyneen kyvyn sitoutua RAS-GTPaasia aktivoivan proteiinin
kaltaiseen proteiiniin 1 (IQGAP1) ja TIAM1 proteiiniin.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>TIAM1</b> ja <b>IQGAP1</b>-
proteiinit taas edelleen antavat stimulaatiota NF-kB-proteiineille ja kuten aiemmin mainittiin,
inflammasomille ja kaspaasi-1:lle. <br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Osoittaakseen RAC1:n
ja IQGAP1:n osallistumiset tutkijat tekivät ensin RAC1- poistogeenisyyden ja he havaitsivat reumatismin käytännöllisesti katsoen kadonneen.<br />
Kun he siten tekivät IQGAP1-poistogeenisyyden, he havaitsivat RAC1-proteiinin
(ja muiden RHO-proteiinien) saaneen takaisin normaaliaktiivisuutensa ja samalla tulehdus ja reumatismi parantuivat.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
Tutkijat huomasivat
myös, että statiinit estävät RAC1-proteiinin prenyloitumista ja
lisäävät IL-1beta-tuotantoa, ja tämä vaikutus riippuu IQGAP1:stä.<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Näistä
tutkimuksista voidaan tehdä johtopäätös, että prenylaation
estyttyä RAC1 sitoutuu IQGAP1- ja TIAM1- proteiineihin muuttuen hyperaktiiviksi ja aiheuttaen massiivin tulehduksen. Tämä
puolestaan merkitsee sitä, että <b>prenyloituminen normaalisti
toimiessaan jarruttaa immuunivastetta estämällä RAC1-proteiinin
aktivoitumista. </b><br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Laajemmin asiaa
katsoen nämä tulokset jo sinänsä johtavat prenylaation
lisääntyneeseen ymmärtämiseen, mutta lisäksi tutkijat tunnistivat
IQGAP1- proteiinin ja jossain määrin myös RAC1-proteiinin uusina mahdollisina
lääkekohteina, joita voidaan käyttää erään epätavallisen ja
vakavan autoinflammatorisen taudin, mevalonikinaasin puutteen (MKD),
hoitoon.<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<ul>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Sammanfattning</div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i>Enzymet
geranylgeranyltransferase typ I <b>(GGTase-1</b>) kopplar på en
fettmolekyl på ett 100-tal proteiner inne i celler i en process som
kallas <b>prenylering.</b> </i>
</div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i><b>En klass
proteiner som prenyleras </b>heter <b>RHO</b>-proteiner.
RHO-proteiner är viktiga för funktionen hos inflammatoriska celler
som aktiveras vid infektioner och skador. Man har länge tänkt att
prenyleringen gör att RHO-proteinerna lättare kan binda till
membran i cellen där de kommer i kontakt med proteiner som
aktiverar RHO-proteinerna. När vi först studerade detta fann vi
att om man knockar ut genen som kodar för GGTase-1 i makrofager hos
möss så hindras modifieringen av RHO-proteiner, som förväntat,
men istället för att inaktiveras så ansamlade sig RHO-proteinerna
i sin aktiva form, och makrofagerna blev hyperaktiva och orsakade
inflammation och ledgångsreumatism.</i></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i>Vi är också
intresserade av hur de kolesterolsänkande <b>statinerna</b> kan
aktivera RHO-proteiner och stimulera produktion av inflammatoriska
substanser. När statinerna hämmar kolesterolsyntesen så hämmas
också produktionen av den fettmolekyl (isoprenoid) som kopplas på
RHO-proteinerna. I denna avhandling har jag försökt svara på
dessa frågor. </i>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i>I det första
projektet, fann vi att i<b> makrofager</b> som saknar GGTase-1
aktiverar pyrin-inflammasomen och caspas-1 som leder till
produktionen av en inflammationsdrivande susbtans som heter
interleukin 1-beta (IL-1b). </i>
</div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i>I det andra
projektet fann vi att <b>RHO-proteinet RAC1 </b>ensamt ansvarar för
utvecklingen av inflammation och reumatism i mössen. </i>
</div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i>Vi fann
vidare att<b> när RAC1 inte prenyleras,</b> så blir det
hyperaktivt på grund av att det får en kraftigt ökad förmåga
att binda till proteinerna TIAM1 och IQGAP1 vilka stimulerar
signalering till proteinerna NF-KB och som tidigare, till
inflammasomen och caspas-1.</i></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i>För att
bevisa inblandingen av <b>RAC1</b> och <b>IQGAP1 </b>så knockade vi
först ut genen för RAC1 och fann att inflammationen och
reumatismen så gott som försvann, och när vi knockade ut genen
för IQGAP1 fann vi att RAC1 (och övriga RHO-proteiner) återfick
normalaktivitet och att inflammationen och reumatismen botades. </i>
</div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i>Vi fann
också att att statiner hämmar prenylering av </i><i><b>RAC1</b></i><i>
och ökar produktionen av </i><i><b>IL-1b</b></i><i> och att denna
effekt beror på </i><i><b>IQGAP1.</b></i></div>
</li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i>Från dessa
studier kan vi dra <b>slutsatsen att när prenylering hämmas, så
binder RAC1 till IQGAP1 och TIAM1, blir hyperaktivt och orsakar sen
massiv inflammation. </b></i>
</div>
</li>
<li><div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i>Detta
betyder i sin tur att prenylering </i><i><b>normalt </b></i><i>sett
fungerar som en broms för immunförsvaret genom att hämma
RAC1-aktivering. </i>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
I ett bredare
perspektiv leder våra resultat till en ökad förståelse för
prenylering i sig, men vi identifierar också IQGAP1, och till viss
mån även RAC1, som nya potentiella måltavlor för läkemedel som
kan användas för behandling av en ovanlig men allvarlig
autoinflammatorisk sjukdom som heter Mevalone kinase deficiency (MKD)
.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>(Geenin etsintä tällä nimellä GGTase-1 ei anna tulosta. </b>,
Geranylgeranyltransferase type 1, geranyylgeranyylitransferaasi tyyppi 1, vaan johtaa FNTA ja FNTB geeneihin). <br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><b>FNTA geeni (8p11.21)</b> </li>
</ul>
Farnesyltransferase Aliases for FNTA Gene<br />
<span id="aliasMainName"><span class="hilite">Farnesyltransferase</span>, CAAX Box, Alpha</span>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/3782" target="_blank" title="Hugo Gene Nomenclature Committee">2</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=full_report&list_uids=2339" target="_blank" title="NCBI Entrez Gene">3</a>
</sup>
<sup>
<a class="sup gc-ga-link" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000168522" target="_blank" title="Ensembl">5</a>
</sup>
<br />
Protein<b> <span class="hilite">Farnesyltransferase</span>/Geranylgeranyltransferase Type-1 subunit alpha </b> <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=FNTA&keywords=farnesyltransferase">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=FNTA&keywords=farnesyltransferase</a><br />
<br />
<b>FNTB geeni,(14q23.3) Farnesyltransferase subunit beta.</b> CAAX Box beta<br />
<a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=FNTB&keywords=farnesyltransferase">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=FNTB&keywords=farnesyltransferase</a><br />
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>RAC1</b>,(7p22.1) Ras-related C3
botulinum toxin substrate 1<br />
<a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAC1&keywords=RAC1">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RAC1&keywords=RAC1</a><br />
<br />
RAC2<br />
<br />
RAC3<br />
<br />
<b>RCE1</b>, (11q13.2) CAAX protein prenyl protease 2, Farnesylated protein converting enzyme 2. <br />
( <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RCE1&keywords=RCE1">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RCE1&keywords=RCE1</a><br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>RHO, Ras homolog
gene family </b><br />
<br />
<b>RHOA* (3p21.31), <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RHOA&keywords=RHOA">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=RHOA&keywords=RHOA </a></b><br />
<b>(RHOA on jostain syystä SARS2 viruksen nsp7 proteiinin interaktioproteiini)</b><br />
<br />
<b>RHOGD1(17q25.3), </b> RHO protein GDP dissociation inhbition<b> </b><br />
<a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ARHGDIA&keywords=RHOGDI">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=ARHGDIA&keywords=RHOGDI</a><b><br /></b><br />
This gene encodes a protein that plays a key role in the regulation of
signaling through Rho GTPases. The encoded protein inhibits the
disassociation of Rho family members from GDP (guanine diphosphate),
thereby maintaining these factors in an inactive state. Activity of this
protein is important in a variety of cellular processes, and expression
of this gene may be altered in tumors. Mutations in this gene have been
found in individuals with nephrotic syndrome, type 8. Alternate
splicing results in multiple transcript variants. [provided by RefSeq,
Jul 2014]<b> </b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
IQGAP1, </div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
TIAM1, T-cell
lymphoma invasion and metastasis- inducing protein 1</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
MKD, Mevalonate
kinase deficiency
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Muistiin 15.12. 2018.<b> Päivitystä 2.6. 2020.</b> </div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Lähdetietoa:
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<ul>
<li><b>IQGAP1
gene </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">(15q26.1) </span> IQ motif containing Ras-GTPase activating like , Ras
GTPase-activating-like protein IQGAP1<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8826"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/8826</span></span></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=IQGAP1&keywords=IQGAP1"> https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=IQGAP1&keywords=IQGAP1 </a></span></span></li>
</ul>
<br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">IQGAP2 (5q11.3) <a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=IQGAP2&keywords=IQGAP2">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=IQGAP2&keywords=IQGAP2</a></span></span><br />
<b><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<ul>
<li><b>TIAM1</b> gene (21q22.11), encodes GEF , (Guanine nucleotide exchange
factor)
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7074"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-weight: normal;">https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/7074</span></span></a></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<a href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TIAM1&keywords=TIAM1">https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=TIAM1&keywords=TIAM1</a></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
T-Cell lymphoma invasion and metastasis-i nducing protein 1. </div>
<dl>
<dt><b><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi?seqinput=NP_001340613.1">summary</a>
</b>
</dt>
<dt>
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/cddsrv.cgi?uid=214619">smart00325</a><br />
Location:77
→ 266
</dt>
<dd style="margin-bottom: 0.5cm;">RhoGEF; (GEF) Guanine nucleotide exchange factor for
Rho/Rac/Cdc42-like GTPases
</dd>
<dt>
</dt>
</dl>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-4905810767308362412020-03-25T13:48:00.000+01:002020-07-02T10:16:17.479+02:00Glychyrrhizin <a href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)13615-X/fulltext"> https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(03)13615-X/fulltext</a><br />
<br />
<div class="top" data-left-hand-nav="Summary" id="secd52136503e256">
<span class="top__text">Summary</span></div>
<div class="section-paragraph">
<div class="section-paragraph">
The
outbreak of SARS warrants the search for antiviral compounds to treat
the disease. At present, no specific treatment has been identified for
SARS-associated coronavirus infection. We assessed the antiviral
potential of ribavirin, 6-azauridine, pyrazofurin, mycophenolic acid,
and glycyrrhizin against two clinical isolates of coronavirus (FFM-1 and
FFM-2) from patients with SARS admitted to the clinical centre of
Frankfurt University, Germany. Of all the compounds, glycyrrhizin was
the most active in inhibiting replication of the SARS-associated virus.
Our findings suggest that glycyrrhizin should be assessed for treatment
of SARS.</div>
</div>
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30634142/"> https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30634142/</a><br />
<div class="cit">
<span role="menubar"><a aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30634142/#" role="menuitem" title="International immunopharmacology.">Int Immunopharmacol.</a></span> 2019 Mar;68:145-155. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.01.002. Epub 2019 Jan 8.</div>
<h4>
Glycyrrhizin
attenuates hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing
HMGB1-dependent GSDMD-mediated kupffer cells pyroptosis.</h4>
<div class="auths">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hua%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=30634142">Hua S</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ma%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=30634142">Ma M</a><sup>2</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fei%20X%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=30634142">Fei X</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Zhang%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=30634142">Zhang Y</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gong%20F%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=30634142">Gong F</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Fang%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=30634142">Fang M</a><sup>3</sup>.</div>
<h3>
Abstract</h3>
Gasdermin
D (GSDMD), a genetic substrate for inflammatory caspases, plays a
central role in pyroptosis of macrophages and release of interleukin‑1β
(IL-1β), but was mainly referred to microbial infection. <b>High mobility
group box-1 (HMGB1)</b>, served as an alarm molecule during various
pathological process, has been widely recognized to be involved in liver
ischemia-reperfusion (I/R).<b> Glycyrrhizin, a natural anti-inflammatory
and antiviral triterpene in clinical use,</b> was recently referred to have
ability to prevent I/R induced liver injury by inhibiting HMGB1
expression and activity. However, the mechanisms responsible for damage
amelioration subsequently to HMGB1 inhibition during liver I/R remain
enigmatic. This study was designed to explore the functional role and
molecular mechanism of glycyrrhizin in the regulation of I/R induced
liver injury. We found that liver I/R promotes GSDMD-mediated pyroptotic
cell death of Kupffer cells, which was inhibited by glycyrrhizin.
Interestingly, endogenous HMGB1, not exogenous one, was involved in
hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) induced pyroptosis. Moreover, GSDMD
knockdown protects kupffer cells against H/R induced pyroptosis in
vitro. Here, we report, for the first time, that glycyrrhizin attenuated
tissue damage and kupffer cells pyroptosis during liver
ischemia-reperfusion injury (LIRI) and identify a previously
unrecognized HMGB1- dependent GSDMD- mediated signaling pathway in the
mechanism of kupffer cells pyroptosis induced by H/R. Our findings
provide the first demonstration of GSDMD-determined pyroptotic cell
death responsible for I/R induced release of IL-1β and this would
provide a mandate to better understand the unconventional mechanisms of
cytokine release in the sterile innate immune system.<br />
<br />
<br />
Mitä on glykyrriziini? Lakritsijauheen sisältämä molekyyli <br />
<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakritsihappo">https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakritsihappo</a><br />
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-59154185558823184442018-08-30T12:36:00.000+02:002018-08-30T20:05:43.125+02:00(3) Linssisopan puolesta. Saponiinien taulukkoOlen kirjoittamassa tätä, etsimässä ensin suomalaista ja ruotsalaista vastinetta taulukon latinalaisille ja engl. termeille. Minusta on hyvin tärkeä, että suomaaliseen ruokavalioon kuuluu leguminosae- lajeja, palkokasveja, sillä ei ole montaa ruokalajia, joka edistää sappihappojen poistumsita kehosta. Lisäksi suomaalisilla on taipumusta saada maksaperäisiä vikoja ja helposti vikuuntuvaa kolesteroliaineenvaihduntaa. Jos kolesterolijäteet eivät poistu kehosta, altistutaan erilaisille maksa- ja sappitietuumoreille aivan turhaan, jos voidaan edsitää sappihappojen poistumista jollain yksinekertaisella tavalla kuten lisäämällä ateriaan kaikenlaisia linssi- ja papumuuseja , soseita ja hernesoppaa, linssisoppaa, pinaattisoppaa, kaurapuuroa , soijaa ym alla olevasta listasta. Jos samalla rajotiaa liikaa kolesterolin exogeenista käyttöä avustaa vileä toisellakin tapaa ravintoteitse aineenvaihduntaansa. pieni määrä ravintoperäsitä koelsterolia on kuteinkin edullsita ja tarpeen, koska se tukee sopivsti vaimentaen kehon endogeenista kolesteroilinsynteesijärjstelmää, ettei se kiihdy liikaa, sillä kaikki ekhotn solut kutienkin tarvitsevat kolesterolia solukalvorakenteisiinkin kehon vedenpitävyyden varmistamiseksi. <br />
<br />
<h3>
Spillerin kirjan taulukko:</h3>
Table: Plant foods that conain significant levels of saponins and their estimated saponin content (g/ kg dry weight)<br />
<br />
Alfalfa sprouts, Lucerne , Medicago sativa: 80.<br />
(Sinimailanen, Blålusern)<br />
<br />
Asparagus, Asparagus officinalis: 15.<br />
(Parsa, Sparris) <br />
<br />
Broad bean, Vicia faba. 3.5.<br />
(Härkäpapu; Bondböna, Favaböna)<br />
<br />
Chickpea, Cicer arietinum: 0.7- 60.<br />
(Kikherne, kikkahviherne; kikärt)<br />
<br />
Green pea, Pisum sativum: 1.8-11.<br />
(Vihreä herne; Grön ärt)<br />
<br />
Kidney bean, Phaseolus vulgaris: 2-16.<br />
(Tarhapapu; Böna, kokbönagruppen: Röd kidneyböna; svartböna)<br />
<br />
Lentil, Lens culinaris: 0.7- 1.1.<br />
(Virvila, linssi; Lins)<br />
<br />
Mung bean, Phaseolus mungo: 4.5- 21.<br />
<br />
Navy bean, Phaseolus vulgaris: 4.5- 21.<br />
( Vita bönor, marinbönor)<br />
<br />
Oats, Avena sativa: 0.2-0.5.<br />
(Kaura; Havre)<br />
<br />
Peanut, Arachis hypogaea: 0.05-16.<br />
(Maapähkinä; Jordnöt)<br />
<br />
Quinoa, Chenopodium quinoa: 10-23.<br />
<br />
Sesame seed, Sesamum indicum: 3.<br />
(Seesaminsiemen; Sesamfrö)<br />
<br />
Silver beet, Beta vulgaris: 58<br />
(Lehtijuurikas, lehtimangoldi; Mangold)<br />
<br />
Soy bean, Glycine max: 5.6-56.<br />
(Soijapapu; Sojaböna)<br />
<br />
Spinach, Spinacea oleracia: 47.<br />
(Pinaatti; Spenat)<br />
<br />
Sweet lupin, Lupinus augustifolius: 0.4-0.7.<br />
(makea lupiini; Söt lupin) <br />
<br />
Ei pidä halveksia papukeittoa ja sanoa sitä "Eesaun ateriaksi". Eesau lihansyöjänä ja riistan pyytäjänä kerran sitä söikin, mutta Jaakob söi sitä koko vuoden joka päivä. <br /><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-86972429772819830642018-08-30T12:00:00.000+02:002018-08-30T12:00:10.870+02:00(2) Linssisopan puolesta. Saponiineista SPILLER A GENE kuitukirjan mukaan (2001)
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
30. 8. 2018 LINSSISOPAN
PUOLESTA.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
LÄHDE </div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Spiller A Gene: (Ed.) CRC
handbook of Dietary Fiber in Human Nutrition 3rd ed. 2001.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Oakenfull David,
Potter John.D. Determination of the Saponin content of foods.pages 127-129.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Saponiineista.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Johdanto.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Nykyisin on paljon
kiinnostusta kasvimateriaalin ”fytokemiaalien”
ravitsemuksellisiin ominaisuuksiin- niitä on suhteellisen vähäisiä
määriä elintarvikkeissa, mutta niillä on merkitsevää
biologista vaikutusta. Saponiinit ovat yksi tällainen
fytokemikaaliluokka, ja sitä esiintyy monissa kuitua sisältävissä
elintarvikkeissa, erityisesti palkokasveissa. Niiden esiintyminen
on ihmisen ravitsemuksessa relevanttia, sillä ne näyttävät
vaikuttavan lisäävän eläin- ja ihmiskokeissa sappihappojen
erittymistä ulosteisiin ( Sappihapothan eivät pysty hajomaan
metaboliassaan energeettisesti hyödynnettäviin pätkiin, vaan
niiden täytyy vanhennuttuaan erittyä pois ulosteissa). Varsinkin
yucca- saponiinit ja saponiinipitoiset alfalfasiemenet ovat
osoittaneet plasman kolesterolia alentavaa vaikutusta ihmisissä.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Saponiinit ovat
rakenteellisesti hajanainen ryhmä triterpeenejä tai steroidisia
glykosideja. Molekyylit ovat amfifiilisiä: triterpeeni- tai
steroidiglykosidinen osa on hydrofobinen ja sokeriosa on
hydrofiilinen. Tästä saponiineille tulee niille tyypillinen
pinta-aktiivinen ominaisuus, mistä nimikin johtuu. (Kirjaan on
liitetty tyypillisen soijapapusaponiinin kuva) . On tunnistettu
saponiineja sadoista kasvilajeista, mutta vain muutamat näistä ovat
käytössä ihmiselintarvikkeina.(Kts. taulukko) </div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Näyttää olevan
kaksikin tapaa, joilla saponiinit voivat vaikuttaa
kolesteroliaineenvaihduntaan.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1. Eräät
rakenteellisiltä piirteiltään määritellyt saponiinit
muodostavat liukenemattomia komplekseja kolesterolin kanssa. (Hyvin
tunnettu on kolesterolin ja digitoniinin muodostama sakka). Kun
tällainen kompleksin muodostumisprosessi tapahtuu suolessa, estyy
sekä endogeenin että exogeenin kolesterolin absorboituminen
suolesta.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2. Saponiinit voivat
puuttua sappihappojen enterohepaattiseen kiertokulkuun muodostamalla
sekalaisia misellejä. Niitten molekyylipainot voivat olla useita
miljoonia ja sappihappojen takaisinimeytyminen terminaalisesta
ileumista estyy tehokkaasti. .
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Originaali teksti on engalnniksi siteerattuna seuraava : <br />
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
"Introduction.
There is currently much interest in the nutritional properties of
”phytochemicals”-plant materials present at relatively low
levels in foods but with significant biological activity. Saponins
are one such class of phytochemicals which are present in many
fiber-rich foods, particularly legumes. Their presence is relevant
to human nutrition because they have been shown to increase fecal
excretion of bile acids in human and animal studies (1), (2). In
particular, yucca saponins and saponin-rich alfalfa-seeds have been
shown to lower plasma cholesterol in humans.
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Saponins
are a struturally diverse group of triterpene or steroid glycosides.
The molecules are amphiphilic, the triterpene or steroid part being
hydrophobic and the sugar part hydrophilic. This gives to saponins
their characteristic surface activity, from which the name is
derived. (The structure of a typical saponin, one of those present
in soybeans, is showns in figure ). Saponins have been identified
in many hundreds of plant species, but only a few of these are
used as food by humans (Table).</div>
</li>
<li>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
There
appear to be two mechanisms by which saponins can affect
cholesterol metabolism.
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1. Some
saponins, with particularly defined structural characteristics, form
insoluble complexes with cholesterol ( e.g. the well-known
precipitation of cholesterol by digitonin). When this complexation
process occurs in the gut, it inhibits the intestinal absorption of
both endogenous and exogenous cholesterol.
</div>
</li>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2. Saponins
can interfere with enterohepatic circulation of bile acids by
forming mixed micelles. These can have molecular weights of several
millions, and the rebsorption of bile acids from the terminal ileum
is effectively blocked.</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div align="left" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-84535019226458379052018-08-30T11:01:00.001+02:002018-08-30T12:00:50.915+02:00(1) Linssisopan puolesta. Saponiineista Saponiinit ovat kuituravinnon mukana joukossa tulevia molekyylejä. Niiden rakenne on triterpeeni tai steroidinen glykosidi, joten asetan ne tähän blogiin.<br />
Ensin haen yleistä suomenkielistä informaatiota saponiineista ja sitten siteeraan ja käännän artikkelin Gene A. Spillerin toimittamasta kuitukirjasta saponiinien pitoisuudesta.<br />
<br />
Suomalaista tekstiä:<br />
1. Wikipediasta siteeraan koko artikkelin, koska siinä on ylesitä perustietoa <br />
<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponiinit">https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponiinit</a><br />
<div class="mw-body-content multicol-large" id="bodyContent">
<div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="fi">
<div class="mw-parser-output">
<b>Saponiinit</b> on rakenteeltaan laajakirjoinen ryhmä <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glykosidit" title="Glykosidit">glykosideja</a>, joita esiintyy niin <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasvit" title="Kasvit">kasvi</a>- kuin <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4imet" title="Eläimet">eläinkunnassakin</a>. Kaikille saponiineille on tyypillistä vesiliuosten vaahtoaminen tavalla, joka muistuttaa <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saippua" title="Saippua">saippualiuosten</a> käyttäytymistä. Nimi saponiinit tulee <i>Saponaria</i>-kasvisuvun eli <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suopayrtit" title="Suopayrtit">suopayrttien</a> tieteellisestä nimestä ja aikaisemmin <i>Saponaria</i>-suvun
kasvien juurakoita on käytetty saippuan tavoin. Monille saponiineille
on tunnusomaista karvas maku. Myrkyllisyydeltään ne ovat muille
nisäkkäille kuin <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4rehtij%C3%A4t" title="Märehtijät">märehtijöille</a> yleensä alhaisia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-alen_1-0"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponiinit#cite_note-alen-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kirk-othmer_2-0"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponiinit#cite_note-kirk-othmer-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ullmann_3-0"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponiinit#cite_note-ullmann-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cornell_4-0"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponiinit#cite_note-cornell-4">[4]</a></sup>
<br />
<span class="mw-headline" id="Rakenne_ja_esiintyminen_eliöissä">Rakenne ja esiintyminen eliöissä</span></div>
</div>
</div>
Saponiinit koostuvat muiden glykosidien tavoin <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aglykoni" title="Aglykoni">aglykonista</a> ja <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokerit" title="Sokerit">sokeriosasta</a>.
Vaahtoamisominaisuus johtuu hydrofiilisesta sokeriosasta ja
hydrofobisesta aglykoniosasta. Aglykonia kutsutaan sapogeniiniksi, joka
voi olla 27 hiiliatomia sisältävä <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidit" title="Steroidit">steroidi</a> tai 30 hiiliatomia sisältävä <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terpeenit" title="Terpeenit">triterpeeni</a>. Steroidirakenteisia saponiineja kutsutaan usein saraponiineiksi. Tyypillisiä saponiinien sisältämiä sokereita ovat <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukoosi" title="Glukoosi">glukoosi</a>, <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaktoosi" title="Galaktoosi">galaktoosi</a>, <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramnoosi" title="Ramnoosi">ramnoosi</a>, <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabinoosi" title="Arabinoosi">arabinoosi</a> ja <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksyloosi" title="Ksyloosi">ksyloosi</a>.
Saponiinit voidaan luokitella myös sokerisivuketjujen määrän mukaan.
Monodesmosideissa sokeriketjuja on yksi, bisdesmosideissa kaksi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-alen_1-1"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponiinit#cite_note-alen-1">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kirk-othmer_2-1"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponiinit#cite_note-kirk-othmer-2">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ullmann_3-1"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponiinit#cite_note-ullmann-3">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cornell_4-1"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saponiinit#cite_note-cornell-4">[4]</a></sup>
<br />
Kasveissa saponiineja esiintyy erityisesti <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koppisiemeniset" title="Koppisiemeniset">koppisiemenisissä</a>
kasveissa. Kasvien saponiinit voivat olla joko steroidi- tai
triterpenoidirakenteisia. Monodesmosideja esiintyy kasvien juurissa,
siemenissä ja kuoressa, kun taas bisdesmosidit ovat tyypillisiä kasvien
lehdissä. Eläinkunnassa ainoastaan <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piikkinahkaiset" title="Piikkinahkaiset">piikkinahkaiset</a> tuottavat saponiineja. <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merimakkarat" title="Merimakkarat">Merimakkaroiden</a> saponiinit ovat triterpenoidirakenteisia ja <a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merit%C3%A4hdet" title="Meritähdet">meritähtien</a> saponiinit ovat steroidirakenteisia. Merimakkarat ja meritähdet tuottavat saponiineja puolustautuakseen saalistajilt<br />
<span class="mw-headline" id="Lähteet">WikiLähteet</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<li id="cite_note-alen-1"> <span class="reference-text"><span class="kirjaviite" title="Kirjaviite">Alén, Raimo: <i>Kokoelma orgaanisia yhdisteitä: Ominaisuudet ja käyttökohteet</i>, s. 1011. Helsinki: Consalen Consulting, 2009. <a class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toiminnot:Kirjal%C3%A4hteet/9789529256273">ISBN 978-952-92-5627-3</a>. </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-kirk-othmer-2"> <span class="reference-text">Bradley P. Morgan & Melinda S. Moynihan: <i>Steroids, Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i>, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000. Viitattu 6.12.2013</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-ullmann-3"> <span class="reference-text">Michael W. Schwarz: <i>Saponins, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2000. Viitattu 6.12.2013</span>
</li>
<span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a class="external text" href="http://www.ansci.cornell.edu/plants/toxicagents/saponin.html" rel="nofollow">Saponins</a> Cornell University. Viitattu 6.12.2013. <span style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span></span></span><br />
<span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><span style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">Wikiteksti on asetettu vuonna 2016 </span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><span style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">2. Mitä terveysalalta löytyy suomeksi saponiineista ? </span></span></span><br />
<span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><span style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;"> http://www.vinkkilanluomutuote.fi/terveystieto/luonnonlaaketiede/</span></span></span><br />
<br />
<span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><span style="color: #555555; font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">3. <a href="http://terveyskirjat.fi/rohdosten-vaikuttavat-aineet-osa-38-saponiinit/">http://terveyskirjat.fi/rohdosten-vaikuttavat-aineet-osa-38-saponiinit/</a></span></span></span>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-71941436040895311672016-10-20T17:49:00.000+02:002016-10-20T17:59:22.916+02:00K-vitamiini ja nivelreuma Nivelreuma potilailla tämän tutkimuksen mukaan merkitsijät K-vitamiinista ja K-vitamiinivajeesta osoittivat seuraavaa:<br />
K-vitamiini vajetta merkitsevä ucOC ( alikarboksyloitunut osteokalsiini) oli koholla, myös matrixmetalloproteinaasi 3 koholla.<br />
Sen sijaan varsinainen K-vitamiini itse, menakinonilajit MK-4, MK-7 ja fyllokinoni (PK) olivat seerumipitoisuuksiltaan alentuneet,.<br />
joten näiden kahden indikaattoriryhmän korrelaatio keskenään oli käänteinen.<br />
Vitamiini K:n homologeja voitaneen käyttää nivelreuman aktiivisuuden merkitsijöinä. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27722902">LÄHDE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27722902</a><br />
<br />
<div class="cit">
<span role="menubar"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27722902#" role="menuitem" title="Journal of bone and mineral metabolism.">J Bone Miner Metab.</a></span> 2016 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]</div>
<h4>
Vitamin K homologs as potential biomarkers for disease activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.</h4>
<div class="auths">
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Khojah%20HM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27722902">Khojah HM</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ahmed%20S%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27722902">Ahmed S</a><sup>2</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Abdel-Rahman%20MS%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27722902">Abdel-Rahman MS</a><sup>3,</sup><sup>4</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Alkhalil%20KM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27722902">Alkhalil KM</a><sup>5</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hamza%20AB%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27722902">Hamza AB</a><sup>5</sup>.</div>
<div class="abstr">
<h3>
Abstract</h3>
<div class="">
The
aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of vitamin K
homologs as potential biomarkers for disease activity in patients with
rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In this study, 42 patients with RA and 40
healthy controls were enrolled. Serum levels of vitamin K homologs were
measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence
method. Different biochemical and clinical markers for disease activity
were measured and correlated with serum levels of vitamin K homologs.
There were no significant differences between RA patients and healthy
subjects in demographic data. Patients with RA showed significantly
higher levels of biochemical markers compared with healthy subjects
(p < 0.001). These markers included rheumatoid factor (RF),
anticyclic citrullinated polypeptide (anti-CCP), <b>undercarboxylated
osteocalcin (ucOC),</b> <b>matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-3)</b>, C-reactive protein
(CRP), and disease activity score assessing 28 joints with erythrocyte
sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR). In addition, serum levels of vitamin K
homologs were reduced in RA patients, and the <b>levels of <span class="highlight">menaquinone-4</span>
(MK-4)</b> and <b>menaquinone-7 (MK-7)</b> were moderately to strongly inversely
correlated with the clinical articular features in RA patients, whereas
<b>phylloquinone (PK)</b> levels were weakly correlated. Serum levels of MK-4,
MK-7 and PK were strongly inversely correlated with ucOC, MMP-3 and
DAS28-ESR in RA patients. In contrast, serum levels of MK-4, MK-7 and PK
were weakly correlated with CRP, RF and anti-CCP. These results suggest
that serum levels of vitamin K homologs may be considered as potential
biomarkers for disease activity. In addition, the results confirm the
role of vitamin K deficiency in the etiology of RA.</div>
</div>
<div class="keywords">
KEYWORDS: <br />
Biomarkers; DAS28-ESR; Matrix metalloproteinase; Rheumatoid arthritis; Vitamin K homologs</div>
<div class="resc">
<dl class="rprtid">
<dt>PMID:</dt>
<dd>27722902</dd>
<dt>DOI:</dt>
<dd><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00774-016-0785-4">10.1007/s00774-016-0785-4</a></dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="resc status">
<dl class="rprtid"><dd> [PubMed - as supplied by publisher] </dd></dl>
</div>
<ul class="social-buttons inline_list">
<li><br /></li>
</ul>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-76638870916763642412016-10-20T17:39:00.002+02:002016-10-20T17:39:56.880+02:00Menakinonin biosynteesin entsyymistä UBIAD1 Geranyl-geranyylisääteinen prenyylitransferaasiUBIAD1:n -kuljetus ER ja Golgin kalvostojen välillä.<br />
<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27121042">LÄHDE: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27121042</a><br />
<div class="cit">
<span role="menubar"><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27121042#" role="menuitem" title="Journal of lipid research.">J Lipid Res.</a></span> 2016 Jul;57(7):1286-99. doi: 10.1194/jlr.M068759. Epub 2016 Apr 27.</div>
<h4>
Geranylgeranyl-regulated transport of the prenyltransferase UBIAD1 between membranes of the ER and Golgi.<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Schumacher%20MM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27121042"> Schumacher MM</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Jun%20DJ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27121042">Jun DJ</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Jo%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27121042">Jo Y</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Seemann%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27121042">Seemann J</a><sup>2</sup>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=DeBose-Boyd%20RA%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=27121042">DeBose-Boyd RA</a><sup>3</sup>.Erratum in<span class="source"> [J Lipid Res. 2016]</span></h4>
<div class="abstr">
<h3>
Tiivistelmästä, Abstract</h3>
<div class="">
UBIAD1 hyödyntää geranylgeranyylipyrofosfaattia (GGpp) syntetisoidessaan K2 vitamiinia menakinonialalajia MK-4.<br />
Aiemmin tutkijat olivat havainneet, että sterolit liipaisevat esiin UBIAD1:n kiinnittymisen HMG-CoA-reduktaasiin, joka lokalisoituu endoplasmiseen verkostoon (ER). Mainittu HMG-CoA on taas kolesterolisynteesin ja nonsteroidi-isopreenien (kuten GGpp) syntesin tahtia rajoittava (säätelevä) entsyymi.<br />
UBIAD1-sitoutuminen HMG-CoAreduktaasiin estää sterolien kiihdyttämän reduktaasin hajottamisen, jonka tehtävä olisi antaa feed back säätöä entsyymille.<br />
Jos soluun lisätään GGOH ( geranylgeraniolia, joka voi muuttua GGpp muotoon), triggeröityy UBIAD1:n vapautuminen rfeduktaasista, jolloin reduktaasi voi maksimaalsiesti hajota ja silloin salliutuu UBIAD1:n kulkeutuminen ER:stä Golgiin. Tutkijat luonnehtivat edellen tätä geranylgeraniolisääteistä UBIAD1- kuljetusta. <br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><i>UbiA
prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1 (UBIAD1) utilizes
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGpp) to synthesize the vitamin K2 subtype
<span class="highlight">menaquinone-4</span>.
Previously, we found that sterols trigger binding of UBIAD1 to
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized HMG-CoA reductase, the
rate-limiting enzyme in synthesis of cholesterol and nonsterol
isoprenoids, including GGpp. This binding inhibits sterol-accelerated
degradation of reductase, which contributes to feedback regulation of
the enzyme. The addition to cells of geranylgeraniol (GGOH), which can
become converted to GGpp, triggers release of UBIAD1 from reductase,
allowing for its maximal degradation and permitting ER-to-Golgi
transport of UBIAD1. Here, we further characterize
geranylgeranyl-regulated transport of UBIAD1. </i></li>
</ul>
<br />
Tulokset tästä luonnehtimisesta puoltavat sellaista mallia, missä UBIAD1 suorittaa jatkuvaa kiertämistä endoplasmisen retikulumin (ER) ja keski- ja trans-Golgin laitteen välillä soluissa, joissa on isoprenoideja. Jos GGpp vähenee endoplasmisen retikulumin kalvostossa, UBIAD1 joutuu loukkuun organellin sisään, missä se estää reduktaasin hajoamista. <br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Results of this
characterization support a model in which UBIAD1 continuously cycles
between the ER and medial-trans Golgi of isoprenoid-replete cells. Upon
sensing a decline of GGpp in ER membranes, UBIAD1 becomes trapped in the
organelle where it inhibits reductase degradation. </i></li>
</ul>
<br />
Eräässä silmän sarveiskalvon taudissa ( SCD) on havaittu liittymää UBIAD1:n mutaatioon ja silloin kertyy sarveiskalossa kolesterolia, joka saostuu endoplasmiseen retikulumiin ja blokeeraa reduktaasin hajoamisen. <br />
<ul>
<li><i>Mutant forms of
UBIAD1 associated with Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD), a human eye
disease characterized by corneal accumulation of cholesterol, are
sequestered in the ER and block reductase degradation. </i></li>
</ul>
<br />
Yhteenvetona nämä löydöt paljastavat uuden herkän mekanismin, jolla UBIAD1:n solunsisäinen kulkeutuminen kontrolloituu tiukan metabolisesti ja voi suoraan moduloida reduktaasin hajomista ja mikä mekanismi on epäkunnnossa SCD-taudissa ( UBIAD1 entsyymin mutaatiossa).<br />
<br />
<ul>
<li><i>Collectively,
these findings disclose a novel sensing mechanism </i></li>
<li><i>that allows for
stringent metabolic control of intracellular trafficking of UBIAD1,</i></li>
<li><i> which directly modulates reductase degradation</i></li>
<li><i> and becomes disrupted in
SCD. </i></li>
</ul>
<br />
<div class="copyright">
Copyright © 2016 by the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="keywords">
<h4>
KEYWORDS: </h4>
UbiA
prenyltransferase domain-containing protein-1; endoplasmic reticulum;
isoprenoid; lipid metabolism; protein trafficking; vitamin K</div>
<div class="resc">
<dl class="rprtid">
<dt>PMID:</dt>
<dd>27121042</dd>
<dt>PMCID:</dt>
<dd><a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4918857/">PMC4918857</a></dd><dd> [Available on 2017-07-01]</dd>
<dt>DOI:</dt>
<dd><a href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M068759">10.1194/jlr.M068759</a></dd></dl>
</div>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-43887944751447927002015-04-22T20:13:00.002+02:002016-01-30T11:47:40.720+01:00Lykopeeni (Karotinoidi) C40H56)<a href="http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/5/10/823">http://cebp.aacrjournals.org/content/5/10/823</a><br />
<a href="http://www.newyorkurologic.com/pdf/Lycopene.pdf"> http://www.newyorkurologic.com/pdf/Lycopene.pdf</a>Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-61254780360655219632015-04-22T18:16:00.002+02:002015-04-22T18:27:07.870+02:00Alfa-karoteenilähteet ravinnossa <a href="http://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-000134000000000000000.html">http://nutritiondata.self.com/foods-000134000000000000000.html</a><br />
<a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/nutri2/acarotene.php"> http://www.endmemo.com/health/nutri2/acarotene.php</a><br />
Listasta otettu esimerkkinä vain 20 runsainta alfa-karoteenin lähdettä: <br />
<table class="countrytable" style="width: 580px;"><tbody>
<tr><td bgcolor="#fafabb" height="22" width="30"><center>
<b>No.</b></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#fafabb" height="22" width="450"><center>
<b>Food Name</b></center>
</td>
<td bgcolor="#fafabb" width="100"><center>
<b>ug<br />(in 100g food)</b></center>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Pumpkin,%20canned,%20without%20salt.php">Pumpkin, canned, without salt</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">4795.102</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Carrot%20juice,%20canned.php">Carrot juice, canned</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">4341.949</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Carrots,%20cooked,%20boiled,%20drained,%20without%20salt.php">Carrots, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">3776.282</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>4
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Carrots,%20frozen,%20cooked,%20boiled,%20drained,%20without%20salt.php">Carrots, frozen, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">3775.342</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>5
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Carrots,%20baby,%20raw.php">Carrots, baby, raw</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">3770</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Carrots,%20raw.php">Carrots, raw</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">3477.272</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>7
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Carrots,%20canned,%20regular%20pack,%20drained%20solids.php">Carrots, canned, regular pack, drained solids</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">2743.15</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>8
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Vegetables,%20mixed,%20canned,%20drained%20solids.php">Vegetables, mixed, canned, drained solids</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">2636.196</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>9
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Spices,%20chili%20powder.php">Spices, chili powder</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">2076.923</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>10
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Spices,%20parsley,%20dried.php">Spices, parsley, dried</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">1461.538</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Vegetables,%20mixed,%20frozen,%20cooked,%20boiled,%20drained,%20without%20salt.php">Vegetables, mixed, frozen, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">968.131</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>12
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Pie,%20pumpkin,%20commercially%20prepared.php">Pie, pumpkin, commercially prepared</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">686.238</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>13
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Squash,%20winter,%20all%20varieties,%20cooked,%20baked,%20without%20salt.php">Squash, winter, all varieties, cooked, baked, without salt</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">681.951</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Soup,%20vegetable,%20canned,%20chunky,%20ready-to-serve,%20commercial.php">Soup, vegetable, canned, chunky, ready-to-serve, commercial</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">512.083</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>15
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Plantains,%20raw.php">Plantains, raw</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">437.988</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>16
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Beef%20stew,%20canned%20entree.php">Beef stew, canned entree</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">356.034</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>17
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Plantains,%20cooked.php">Plantains, cooked</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">353.246</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>18
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Pumpkin,%20cooked,%20boiled,%20drained,%20without%20salt.php">Pumpkin, cooked, boiled, drained, without salt</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">348.163</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>19
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Pimento,%20canned.php">Pimento, canned</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">241.666</span>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20
</td>
<td><a href="http://www.endmemo.com/health/food/Vegetable%20juice%20cocktail,%20canned.php">Vegetable juice cocktail, canned</a>
</td>
<td><span style="color: red;">209.917</span>
</td>
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Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-89308698477751002582015-04-22T18:13:00.000+02:002015-04-22T18:27:55.606+02:00Alfa-karoteenilla on antimetastaattista ominaisuutta (2015 tietoa) <div class="cit">
<span role="menubar"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736483#" role="menuitem" title="The Journal of nutritional biochemistry.">J Nutr Biochem.</a></span> 2015 Feb 14. pii: S0955-2863(15)00028-5. doi: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.12.012. [Epub ahead of print]</div>
<h4>
<span class="highlight">Alpha-carotene</span>
inhibits metastasis in Lewis lung carcinoma in vitro, and suppresses
lung metastasis and tumor growth in combination with taxol in tumor
xenografted C57BL/6 mice.</h4>
<div class="auths">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Liu%20YZ%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25736483">Liu YZ</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Yang%20CM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25736483">Yang CM</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Chen%20JY%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25736483">Chen JY</a><sup>2</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Liao%20JW%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25736483">Liao JW</a><sup>3</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hu%20ML%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25736483">Hu ML</a><sup>4</sup>.</div>
<div class="afflist">
<h3>
<a class="jig-ncbitoggler ui-widget ui-ncbitoggler" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25736483#" role="button" title="Open/close author information list"><span class="ui-ncbitoggler-master-text">Author information</span><span class="ui-icon ui-icon-triangle-1-e"></span></a></h3>
</div>
<div class="abstr">
<h3>
Abstract</h3>
<div class="">
This
study aimed to investigate the <b>anti-metastatic activity of α-carotene </b>
(AC) in Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) and in combination with taxol in
LLC-xenografted C57BL/6 mice. Cell culture studies reveal that AC
<b>significantly inhibited invasion, migration and activities of matrix
metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, -9 and urokinase plasminogen activator</b> but
<b>increased protein expression of tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1, -2 and
plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1. </b><br />
<b> </b>These effects of AC are
similar to those of β-carotene at the same concentration (2.5μM). AC
(2.5μM) also<b> significantly inhibited integrin β1-mediated
phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK)</b> which then decreased the
phosphorylation of MAPK family. Findings from the animal model reveal
that AC treatment (5mg/kg) alone significantly decreased lung metastasis
without affecting primary tumor growth, whereas taxol treatment
(6mg/kg) alone exhibited significant inhibition on both actions, as
compared to tumor control group.<br />
AC treatment alone significantly
decreased protein expression of integrin β1 but increased protein
expression of TIMP-1 and PAI-1 without affecting protein expression of
TIMP-2 and phosphorylation of FAK in lung tissues, whereas taxol
treatment alone significantly increased protein expression of TIMP-1,
PAI-1 and TIMP-2 but decreased protein expression of integrin β1 and
phosphorylation of FAK.<br />
The combined treatment produced stronger actions
on lung metastasis and lung tissues protein expression of TIMP-1,
TIMP-2 and PAI-1. Overall, we demonstrate that <b>AC effectively inhibits
LLC metastasis and suppresses lung metastasis in combination with taxol </b>
in LLC-bearing mice, suggesting that AC could be used as an <b>
anti-metastatic agent</b> or as an<b> adjuvant </b>for anti-cancer drugs.<br />
Copyright © 2015. Published by Elsevier Inc.</div>
</div>
<div class="keywords">
<h4>
KEYWORDS: </h4>
Lewis lung carcinoma; Metastasis; Taxol; α-Carotene; β-Carotene</div>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-30277324478345390272015-04-22T17:31:00.001+02:002015-04-22T18:26:32.918+02:00Karotenoidien edullisuudesta (2015 tietoa) <div class="cit">
<span role="menubar"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25877493#" role="menuitem" title="The American journal of clinical nutrition.">Am J Clin Nutr.</a></span> 2015 Apr 15. pii: ajcn105080. [Epub ahead of print]</div>
<h4>
Plasma carotenoids and risk of breast cancer over 20 y of follow-up.</h4>
<div class="auths">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Eliassen%20AH%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25877493">Eliassen AH</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Liao%20X%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25877493">Liao X</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Rosner%20B%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25877493">Rosner B</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Tamimi%20RM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25877493">Tamimi RM</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Tworoger%20SS%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25877493">Tworoger SS</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Hankinson%20SE%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=25877493">Hankinson SE</a><sup>1</sup>.</div>
<div class="afflist">
<h3>
<a class="jig-ncbitoggler ui-widget ui-ncbitoggler" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25877493#" role="button" title="Open/close author information list"><span class="ui-ncbitoggler-master-text">Author information</span><span class="ui-icon ui-icon-triangle-1-e"></span></a></h3>
</div>
<div class="abstr">
<h3>
Abstract</h3>
<div class="">
Increasing
evidence suggests that carotenoids, which are micronutrients in fruit
and vegetables, reduce breast cancer risk. Whether carotenoids are
important early or late in carcinogenesis is unclear, and limited
analyses have been conducted by breast tumor subtypes.<br />
We sought to examine issues of the timing of carotenoid exposure as well as associations by breast tumor subtypes.<br />
We
conducted a nested case-control study of plasma carotenoids measured by
using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and breast
cancer risk in the Nurses' Health Study. In 1989-1990, 32,826 women
donated blood samples; in 2000-2002, 18,743 of these women contributed a
second blood sample. Between the first blood collection and June 2010,
2188 breast cancer cases were diagnosed (579 cases were diagnosed after
the second collection) and matched with control subjects. RRs and 95%
CIs were calculated by using conditional logistic regression adjusted
for several breast cancer risk factors.<br />
Higher
concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, and total
carotenoids were associated with 18-28% statistically significant lower
risks of breast cancer (e.g., β-carotene top compared with bottom
quintile RR: 0.72; 95% CI: 0.59, 0.88; P-trend < 0.001). Associations
were apparent for total carotenoids measured ≥10 y before diagnosis
(top compared with bottom quintile RR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50, 0.95; P-trend
= 0.01) as well as those...<br />
CONCLUSION: <br />
In
this large prospective analysis with 20 y of follow-up, women with high
plasma carotenoids were at reduced breast cancer risk particularly for
more aggressive and ultimately fatal disease.<br />
© 2015 American Society for Nutrition.<!--10--></div>
</div>
<div class="keywords">
KEYWORDS: <br />
biomarkers; breast cancer; carotenoids; nested case-control study; plasma</div>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-43786722796994707892015-04-21T22:56:00.005+02:002016-01-30T11:47:22.480+01:00Onko luteiinista haittaa, milloin ja miksi?<a href="http://www.livestrong.com/article/544317-the-disadvantages-of-lutein/">http://www.livestrong.com/article/544317-the-disadvantages-of-lutein/</a><br />
21.4. 2015<br />
Tässä artikkelissa sanotaan luteiinista samaa kuin A-vitamiinista henkilöillä jotka polttavat ja joilla on keuhkosyövän riskiä. Siis jatkokäytössä lisänä ei niissä tapauksisa edullista ehkä. ainakaan kohtuuttoman suuressa määrässää lisävalmisteena. Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-10592673057485850442015-04-21T22:47:00.004+02:002015-04-21T22:50:56.826+02:00Antioksidantit Ananas-hedelmässä<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24852602">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24852602</a><br />
<ul class="social-buttons inline_list"><div class="cit">
<span role="menubar"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24852602#" role="menuitem" title="Journal of the science of food and agriculture.">J Sci Food Agric.</a></span> 2015 Jan;95(1):44-52. doi: 10.1002/jsfa.6751. Epub 2014 Jun 26.</div>
<h1>
<span class="highlight">Effect</span> of UV-C radiation on bioactive compounds of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) by-products.</h1>
<div class="auths">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Freitas%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24852602">Freitas A</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Mold%C3%A3o-Martins%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24852602">Moldão-Martins M</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Costa%20HS%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24852602">Costa HS</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Albuquerque%20TG%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24852602">Albuquerque TG</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Valente%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24852602">Valente A</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Sanches-Silva%20A%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24852602">Sanches-Silva A</a>.</div>
<div class="afflist">
<h3>
<a class="jig-ncbitoggler ui-widget ui-ncbitoggler" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24852602#" role="button" title="Open/close author information list"><span class="ui-ncbitoggler-master-text">Author information</span><span class="ui-icon ui-icon-triangle-1-e"></span></a></h3>
</div>
<div class="abstr">
<h3>
Abstract</h3>
<div class="">
<h4>
BACKGROUND: </h4>
The
industrial processing of pineapple generates a high quantity of
by-products. To reduce the environmental impact of these by-products and
the inherent cost of their treatment, it is important to characterise
and valorise these products, converting them into high added value
products. <b>Ultra-violet radiation </b>is one of the main sustainable
sanitation techniques for fruits. Since this radiation can induce plant
stress which can promote the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds, it is
important to evaluate its <span class="highlight">effect</span> in fruits.<br />
<h4>
RESULTS: </h4>
The amounts of <b>vitamins (C and E) and carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, β-<span class="highlight">cryptoxanthin</span>,
lutein, lycopene, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and zeaxanthin)</b> in pineapple
by-products (core and rind) <b>were analysed</b> before and after treatment
with UV radiation. All treated and untreated pineapple by-products
contained <b>β-carotene as the main carotenoid</b> (rind, 2537-3225 µg; and
core, 960-994 µg 100 g(-1) DW). Pineapple rind also contained<b> lutein</b>
(288-297 µg 100 g(-1) DW) and<b> α-carotene</b> (89-126 µg 100 g(-1) DW).<br />
<h4>
CONCLUSION: </h4>
The
results provide evidence of the potential of pineapple by-products as a
source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant activity, which can be
used by pharmaceutical, cosmetics and food industries. In addition, <b>UV-C
was shown to be a treatment that can add nutritional value </b>to pineapple
by-products.<br />
© 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.</div>
</div>
<div class="keywords">
<h4>
KEYWORDS: </h4>
UV-C radiation; bioactive compounds; by-products; pineapple; ultra-high performance liquid chromatography</div>
<div class="aux">
<div class="resc">
<dl class="rprtid">
<dt>PMID:</dt>
<dd>24852602</dd><dd> [PubMed - in process] </dd><dd> </dd></dl>
</div>
<div id="ncbi_share_pm">
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Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-13330510572377720902015-04-21T10:33:00.002+02:002015-04-22T18:40:05.662+02:00Meso-zeaxantiiniKaikesta nähdäkseni voi saada riidan aikaan, oikein meson, kuten hämäläinen sanoo.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://optometrytimes.modernmedicine.com/optometrytimes/news/continuing-conversation-mesozeaxanthin?page=full"> http://optometrytimes.modernmedicine.com/optometrytimes/news/continuing-conversation-mesozeaxanthin?page=full</a><br />
Ajattelin tässä katsoa miten fysiologiseti xantofylliineistä muodostuu maculassa meso-zeaxantiinia, sillä vaikka ravinnon L/Z suhde on yli 1.0 useimmiten, niin makulassa suhde on alle 1.0 siis zeaxantiinivoittoinen ja zeaxantiinista osa on <b>meso-zeaxantiinia</b>. Joten tämän muutoksen täytyy tapahtua jotenkin itse paikan päällä makulassa. Hakusanaksi asetin meso-zeaxantiini ja löytyi jo riitakin siitä: On havaittu zeaxantiinin edut ja runsaus makulassa ja alettu käyttää meso-zeaxantiinia silmän ikärappeumaa estävään terapiaan .Ne jotka niin tekevät, väittävät että silmän hoitoon tarvitaan kolmea xantofylliiniä, <b>luteiinin </b>ja<b> zeaxantiinin</b> lisäksi <b>meso-zeaxantiinia</b>, koska sitä on makulassa. Mutta se on tavallaan luteiinin härskiintymistuuote, ja tässä Stuart Richer otti kynänsä ja selvittää asiaa. Meso-zeaxantiinia (MZ) ilmenee vanhassa luteiinivalmisteessa ja se syntyy luteiinista eikä zeaxantiinista. Tästä syystä luonnollisesti makulassa vallitsee ajan mitaan zeaxantiinimuodon runsaus luteiinin suhteen. Richer mainitisee myös että meso-zeaxantiinia on hyvin vähän luonnossa: lohen nahassa kyllä.<br />
<br />
LUTEIINI on (3R,3`R,6`R) Dihydroxy-beta-epsilon-karoteeni<br />
ZEAZANTIINI on (3R,3´R)Dihydroxy-beta,beta-karoteeni.<br />
tai (3S,3S´) Dihydroxy-beta,beta-karoteeni.<br />
MESO-ZEAXANTIINI on (3R, 3`S)- meso-dihydroxy-beta, beta-karoteeni <br />
<br />
Stuart Richer kirjoitta meso-zeaxantiini (MZ) ravintolisisitä:<br />
<br />
I want to thank the <a href="http://optometrytimes.modernmedicine.com/optometrytimes/news/rebutting-mesozeaxanthin-findings" target="_blank">Macular Pigment Research Group (MPRG), Waterford, Ireland for responding</a> to <a href="http://optometrytimes.modernmedicine.com/optometrytimes/news/third-carotenoid-mesozeaxanthin-z-rs-and-who-needs-consume-it" target="_blank">my assertion that mesozeaxanthin (MZ) in supplement form</a>, even if it was scientifically possible to study alone as a supplement, has <i>not proven</i> <i>as of yet to be necessary</i>
to build central foveal macular pigment, improve cone visual function,
or uniquely protect the retina from age-related macular degeneration
(AMD). Some 85,000 people in Ireland have AMD,<sup>1</sup> so I respect MPRGs’ scientific and public health efforts toward reducing the human burden of this disease.<br />
<br />
<div class="text">
<b>Examining the research </b></div>
<div class="text">
Much of the controversy concerning the necessity of <a href="http://www.modernmedicine.com/tag/mesozeaxanthin">supplemental MZ</a> by opposing sides recently appeared in <i>Eye.</i><sup>2</sup></div>
<br />
<div class="text">
While it is true that MZ has been found <b>in improperly manufactured</b> eye supplements, the <a href="http://www.modernmedicine.com/taxonomy/term/5955">lutein (L)</a> provided during the primate experiments of EJ Johnson et al was carefully prepared so as not to contain any isomers of<a href="http://www.modernmedicine.com/taxonomy/term/5958" target="_blank"> zeaxanthin (Z)</a>. The L was also experimentally confirmed to have no Z isomers by both chiral column chromatography and absorption spectra.<sup>2</sup></div>
<div class="text">
I agree that MZ could appear in blood, resulting from ingestion of eggs
of Mexican origin from chickens fed MZ feed.<b> As to whether there is MZ
present in adulterated lutein supplements</b>, that is a matter of quality
control during manufacturing<strike>,</strike> as well as proper labeling. Agreed.</div>
<div class="text">
DSM’s scientific analysis has shown MZ (found in nature) to be present
at the concentration of approximately<b> 0.02 parts per million in salmon
skins only</b>, not a significant amount from a rarely consumed food.<sup>3</sup>
At this concentration, one would need to consume 228 pounds of salmon
skin to achieve a 2-mg MZ dose. Because <b>such a low concentration of MZ
is found in nature, manufacturers cannot harvest the desired amount from
dietary food sources.</b> It is necessary for eye supplements that contain
MZ to resort to using a wholly synthetic process, absent a readily
available dietary foodstuff such as marigold flowers (L) and paprika
(Z), which I agree are extracted using a chemical process.</div>
<div class="text">
<br /></div>
<div class="text">
<br /></div>
<div class="text">
<b> However, the main question is: </b>What is the source of retinal MZ? As five other scientists have pointed out,<sup>2</sup>
one would expect to see MZ and higher macular pigment in
MZ-supplemented individuals. “<u><b>However, the conclusion that dietary L is
the usual source of retinal MZ is confirmed by </b></u>the finding of Johnson et
al that MZ appeared only in the macula of carotenoid–free monkeys fed
pure L (as determined by two independent laboratories) and <b>not in
carotenoid–free monkeys fed pure Z</b>.”<sup>2,4</sup> Further<b>, </b>the
lutein supplement Ultra Lutein, containing a small amount of MZ, was
not employed in those careful primate experiments. Combined with MZ’s
comparatively poor bioavailability (vis-à-vis L or Z), adulterated
lutein supplements could not possibly account for the highly
concentrated MZ content found in autopsies of retinas from those lutein
fed primates.<sup>2</sup></div>
<div class="text">
<br /></div>
<div class="text">
There are additional deuterated labeling experiments conducted in quail
which suggest that<b> MZ is derived from dietary lutein.</b> Following
euthanization, deuterated L and deuterated MZ were identified only in
birds supplemented with deuterated L (and not deuterated Z isomers—MZ or
Z). <u><b>The limited availability in nature, primate, quail, and labeling
data together imply that MZ-containing ocular supplements are not
necessary for achieving central retinal MZ</b></u>, a nonetheless important
foveal retinal carotenoid.</div>
<div class="text">
Finally, our laboratory has published preliminary human data that is
fully consistent with the primate, quail, and labeling data, showing
increasing foveal one degree pigmentation and resolution of central
scotomas with nine mg FloraGlo L intake, alone, as shown below in four
representative subjects from our medical center:</div>
<div class="text">
<br /></div>
<div class="text">
Nolan and Beatty further assert that there are “no peer reviewed
publications on the impact (if any) of supplementation with a
formulation that contains Z alone in terms of MP or visual performance.”
<i>Au contraire</i>. Our laboratory has gone beyond the <b>2 mg dietary Z</b>
used in the AREDS2 paradigm by evaluating <b>8 mg dietary Z</b> in (n=25)
subjects. The data show enhanced visual acuity, foveal shape
discrimination, and resolving foveal scotomas in patients with early
AMD. This data was initially presented at the Association for Research
in Vision and Ophthalmology meeting and then published in November 2011
in an FDA-approved, Index Medicus-cited publication known as the <i>Journal of the American Optometric Association.</i><sup>5</sup>
<b>Here is what we found: Zeaxanthin alone is capable of</b> <b>building central
foveal pigment</b> (top MP autofluorecence) and resolving central scotomas
as shown below, from baseline (left) through four-, eight-, and 12-month
time periods from five subjects enrolled in this randomized
double-masked clinical trial.<br />
<br />
<div class="text">
<span class="image"></span></div>
<div class="text">
<b>Cherry picking the evidence</b></div>
<div class="text">
<b>Drs. Nolan and Beatty suggest that eye supplements should contain all three </b><i><b>retinal tissue macular pigments</b></i>, and not just the<b> two<i> ubiquitous dietary pigments</i></b>,
in order to robustly build central foveal pigment. The authors appear
to cherry pick their citations to meet their claims. Their responses
ignore<b> the emerging science that dietary L alone or dietary Z alone can
build central foveal macular pigment, improve central visual function
including better visual acuity, resolution of early central AMD
scotomas, and enhanced shape discrimination</b>. This is a matter of public
record and our clinical experience.<b>ODT</b></div>
<div class="text">
<b>References </b></div>
<div class="text">
1. RTE News. Scientists say nutrition can combat age realted macular degeneration. Available at: <a href="http://www.rte.ie/news/2014/0203/502011-age-related-macular-degeneration/">http://www.rte.ie/news/2014/0203/502011-age-related-macular-degeneration/</a>. Accessed 08/26/2014.</div>
<div class="text">
2. Berntein PS, Johnson EJ, Neuringer M, et al. Comment on: What is meso-zeaxanthin, and where does it come from? <i>Eye</i>. 2014 Feb;28(2):240-2.</div>
<div class="text">
3. Laboratories of DSM Nutritional Products (Joseph Schierle). </div>
<div class="text">
4. Johnson EJ, Neuringer M, Russell RM, et al. Nutritional manipulation
of primate retinas, III, Effects of lutein or zeaxanthin
supplementation on adipose tissue and retina of xanthophyll-free
monkeys. <i>Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci</i>. 2005 Feb;46(2):692-702.</div>
<div class="text">
5. Richer SP, Stiles W, Graham-Hoffman K, et al. Randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled study of zeaxanthin and visual function
in patients with atrophic age-related macular degeneration: the
Zeaxanthin and Visual Function Study (ZVF) FDA IND #78, 973. <i>Optometry</i>. 2011 Nov;82(11):667-80.</div>
</div>
<div class="text">
<br /></div>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-63875304880755886062015-04-20T22:39:00.000+02:002016-01-30T11:43:18.363+01:00Pohdintaa luteiinin ja zeaxantiinin saantimääristäEdellä on esimerkkejä koejärjestelyistä, joissa toisessa annettiin vuoden ajan 6 mg luteiinia ja toisessa oli annostelukombinaatioita ( myös kontorollihenkilöt kuuluivat tutkimukseen). <br />
10 mg LUTEIINIA,<br />
20 mg LUTEIINIA tai<br />
10 mg LUTEIINIA+10 mg ZEAXANTIINIA.<br />
<br />
Xantofylliinilisää saaneilla oli selvää etua näistä antioksidanteista. Annos on tietysti sen verran suuri, että harvan ihmisen ravinto päivästä toiseen antaa vastaavaa, mutta tästä on vaikea tietää oikeastaan yhtään mitään ilman hankalia ja tarkasti suunniteltuja ravintotutkimuksia. Varhempien tutkimusten jälkeen<b> on päädytty suosittelemaan 6 mg </b>annosta xantofylliiniä<b> ravinnosta</b> päivittäin, mutta mahdollisesti se ei riitä taudin jo alettua antaa joitain oireita. Fysiologinen ennalta ehkäisevä seikka olisi tarkentaa ravintonsa niin että kautta vuoden saa zeaxantiinia ja luteiinia riittävät määrät ottaen huomioon, että ne eivät korvaa A-vitamiinia, jota myös tulee saada suositeltu määrä.<br />
Ne suojaavat A-vitamiiniaineenvaihduntaa ja A-vitamiinin runsaat annokset ilman näitä ei liene taas suositeltavaa. Tiedetään että A-vitamiini kertyy rasvaliukoisena. samoin luonnollisesti nämäkin, joten niiden annostus täytyy muokata siten, että <b>kautta vuoden </b> saa niitä jonkin tarvittavan määrän.<br />
Jos niillä on keskenään jokin suhde L/Z, joka kääntyy sitten kehossa makulassa zeaxantiinivoittoiseksi, saattaa olla myös jokin suotuinen suhde varsinaisen A-vitamiinin, sen provitamiinien ja näiden suojapigmenttienkin kesken.<br />
Hieman tässä pohtii,, mikä ne kuljettaa silmään. Onko kuljettaja sama kuin A-vitamiinin kuljettaja. Tai johtuuko tihenemä vain siitä tappisolujen tuubipakkausmenetelmästä ja muultakin löytyisi samoja pigmenttejä mutta hyvin vähän?<br />
<br />
VASTAUSTA etsin PubMed hakulaitteilla ja löytyyyhän sitä. <br />
<br />
<h3>
"Miksi luonto on valinnut luteiinin ja zeaxantiinin verkkokalvon suojapigmenteiksi? </h3>
<ul class="social-buttons inline_list"><div class="cit">
<span role="menubar"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24883226#" role="menuitem" title="Journal of clinical & experimental ophthalmology.">J Clin Exp Ophthalmol.</a></span> 2014 Feb 21;5(1):326.</div>
<h4>
Why has Nature Chosen Lutein and Zeaxanthin to Protect the Retina?</h4>
<div class="auths">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Widomska%20J%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24883226">Widomska J</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Subczynski%20WK%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=24883226">Subczynski WK</a><sup>2</sup>.</div>
<div class="abstr">
<h3>
Abstract</h3>
<div class="" style="text-align: justify;">
Age-related
macular degeneration (AMD) is associated with a low level of macular
carotenoids in the eye retina.<b> Only two carotenoids, namely lutein and
zeaxanthin are selectively accumulated in the <span class="highlight">human</span>
eye retina from blood plasma where more than twenty other carotenoids
are available.</b> The third carotenoid which is found in the <span class="highlight">human</span>
retina, <b>meso-zeaxanthin </b>is formed directly in the retina from lutein.
All these carotenoids, named also macular xanthophylls, play key roles
in eye health and retinal disease.<br />
<br />
Macular xanthophylls are thought to
combat light-induced damage mediated by reactive oxygen species by
absorbing the most damaging incoming wavele ngth of light prior to the
formation of reactive oxygen species (a function expected of carotenoids
in nerve fibers) and by chemically and physically quenching reactive
oxygen species once they are formed (a function expected of carotenoids
in photoreceptor outer segments).<br />
<br />
There are two major hypotheses about
the precise location of macular xanthophylls in the nerve fiber layer of
photoreceptor axons and in photoreceptor outer segments. According to
the first, macular xanthophylls transversely incorporate in the
lipid-bilayer portion of membranes of the <span class="highlight">human</span>
retina. According to the second, macular xanthophylls are protein-bound
by membrane-associated, xanthophyll-binding proteins. In this review we
indicate specific properties of macular xanthophylls that could help
explain their selective accumulation in the primate retina with special
attention paid to xanthophyll-membrane interactions.</div>
</div>
<div class="keywords">
KEYWORDS: <br />
AMD; Carotenoid; Lipid bilayer; Lutein; Macular xanthophylls; Membrane domain; Zeaxanthin</div>
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<br />Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-7224700019974866932015-04-20T22:08:00.000+02:002015-04-20T22:12:32.976+02:00Luteiini 10mg, luteiini 20 mg tai luteiini10 mg + zeaxantiini 10 mg lisät varhaisen AMD:n estossa <ul class="social-buttons inline_list"><div class="results_settings one_setting">
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<span role="menubar"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22858124#" role="menuitem" title="Ophthalmology.">Ophthalmology.</a></span> 2012 Nov;119(11):2290-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2012.06.014. Epub 2012 Aug 1.</div>
<h4>
Effect of lutein and zeaxanthin on macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related macular degeneration.</h4>
<div class="auths">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Ma%20L%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Ma L</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Yan%20SF%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Yan SF</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Huang%20YM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Huang YM</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lu%20XR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Lu XR</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Qian%20F%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Qian F</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Pang%20HL%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Pang HL</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Xu%20XR%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Xu XR</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Zou%20ZY%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Zou ZY</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dong%20PC%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Dong PC</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Xiao%20X%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Xiao X</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Wang%20X%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Wang X</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Sun%20TT%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Sun TT</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Dou%20HL%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Dou HL</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Lin%20XM%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=22858124">Lin XM</a>.</div>
<div class="abstr">
Abstract<br />
<div class="">
PURPOSE: <br />
To
determine whether supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin improves
macular pigment and visual function in patients with early age-related
macular degeneration (AMD).<br />
DESIGN: <br />
Randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial.<br />
PARTICIPANTS: <br />
Participants
with probable AMD who were 50 to 79 years of age were screened for
study eligibility from the local communities. One hundred eight subjects
with early AMD were recruited.<br />
INTERVENTION: <br />
Early
AMD patients were assigned randomly to receive 10 mg/day lutein (n =
27), 20 mg/day lutein (n = 27), 10 mg/day lutein plus 10 mg/day
zeaxanthin (n = 27); or placebo (n = 27) for 48 weeks. Macular pigment
optical density (MPOD) and visual function variables were assessed at
baseline, 24 weeks, and 48 weeks.<br />
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: <br />
The
primary outcome was MPOD. Secondary outcomes were visual function
variables including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), contrast
sensitivity (CS), photorecovery time, and Amsler grid testing results.<br />
RESULTS: <br />
Macular
pigment optical density increased significantly by a mean ± standard
error of 0.076 ± 0.022 density unit<b> in the 20-mg lutein group </b>and 0.058 ±
0.027 density unit<b> in the lutein and zeaxanthin group </b>during 48 weeks.
There was a significant dose-response effect for lutein supplementation,
and the changes in MPOD from baseline to 48 weeks were correlated
negatively with baseline MPOD in all active treatment groups...<br />
CONCLUSIONS: <br />
<b>Among
patients with early AMD, supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin
improved macular pigment, which played a causative role in boosting
visual function and might prevent the progression of AMD.</b> Future studies
are required to evaluate the effect of these carotenoids on the
incidence of late AMD.<br />
Copyright © 2012 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc<!--0--></div>
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Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-79143490555424247852015-04-20T22:01:00.003+02:002015-04-20T22:01:57.685+02:006 mg luteiinilisän vaikutus makulapigmentin optiseen tiehyteen ja näköön<ul class="social-buttons inline_list"><div class="cit">
<span role="menubar"><a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21850440#" role="menuitem" title="Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie.">Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol.</a></span> 2011 Dec;249(12):1847-54. doi: 10.1007/s00417-011-1780-z. Epub 2011 Aug 18.</div>
Effect of 1-year lutein supplementation on macular pigment optical density and visual function.<br />
<div class="auths">
<a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Sasamoto%20Y%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21850440">Sasamoto Y</a><sup>1</sup>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Gomi%20F%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21850440">Gomi F</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Sawa%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21850440">Sawa M</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Tsujikawa%20M%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21850440">Tsujikawa M</a>, <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Nishida%20K%5BAuthor%5D&cauthor=true&cauthor_uid=21850440">Nishida K</a>.</div>
<div class="abstr">
<div class="">
BACKGROUND: <br />
Although
it is known that<b> antioxidants including lutein </b>can affect macular
pigment optical density (MPOD) and visual function, we still have much
to learn about their effect. Our aim was to assess the 1-year changes in
MPOD and visual function in response to supplementation containing
lutein.<br />
METHODS: <br />
We
prospectively measured the MPOD level of those who received a
supplement containing 6 mg of lutein daily for 1 year. MPOD level was
measured every 3 months by using autofluorescence spectrometry with the
two-wavelength method. Other examinations, including contrast
sensitivity and retinal sensitivity were also measured every 3 or
6 months. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to determine the
factors that correlated with the changes observed in those examinations.<br />
RESULTS: <br />
Forty-three
eyes of 43 Japanese subjects, including five normal eyes, five fellow
eyes with <i>central serous chorioretinopathy</i> (CSC), and 33 fellow eyes
with<i> age-related macular degeneration</i> (AMD) were enrolled. The higher
baseline MPOD level was correlated with the eye with<i> a clear intraocular
<span class="highlight">lens</span></i> (IOL).
Although no time-dependent changes in the MPOD level were obtained in
any area, subjects without cardiovascular diseases showed higher
increase in the MPOD level. We observed significant<b> increases in the
contrast sensitivity</b> at 1 year (p = 0.0124) and in <b>the retinal
sensitivity</b> at 6 months (p < 0.0001) and 1 year (p < 0.0001).
Stepwise regression analysis showed that <b>nonsmokers had increased
contrast sensitivity</b> (p = 0.0173), and the fellow eye of those with CSC
had less of an increase in retinal sensitivity (p = 0.0491).<br />
CONCLUSIONS: <br />
Daily
supplementation with 6 mg of lutein did not affect the MPOD level for
1 year, suggesting that 6 mg of lutein may be insufficient to increase
the MPOD level. However, supplementation seems<b> to improve visual
functions such as contrast sensitivity and retinal sensitivity</b>.</div>
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Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-40439587140138947102015-04-20T19:52:00.000+02:002015-04-20T19:52:02.854+02:00XANTOFYLLIINIT_4. Hedelmät, vihannekset, mausteet, yrtit.
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.21cm; margin-top: 0.42cm; page-break-after: avoid;">
<span style="font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">XANTOFYLLIINIT
_4</span></span></div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Xantofylliinien
( luteiini ja zeaxantiini) pitoisuudet <b>hedelmissä, vihanneksissa</b>
ja munatuotteissa.
</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
LÄHDE:
</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Alisa
Perry, Helen Rasmussen, Elizabeth J. Johnson</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Xantophyll
( lutein, zeaxanthin) content in fruits, vegetables and corn and egg
products. Journal of food composition and analysis. 22(2009) 9-15.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Lopuksi
artikkelissa oli runsas luettelo <b>vihanneksista ja hedelmistä,</b>
joissa on <b>luteiinia</b> ja <b>zeaxantiinia</b> tai muita tässä
työssä selviteltyjä karotenoideja. Elintarvike-esimerkkejä oli 41. Niistä kymmenen eniten
<b>trans-luteiinia </b> sisältävää mainitsen alla ensin.</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Vihreät
lehtevät vihannekset sisälsivät runsaiten luteiinia, mutta
vain vähän tai ei yhtään zeaxantiinia. Jos vertaa tuoreeseen
pinaattiin, niin keitetyssä pinaatissa oli huomattavasti enemmän
karotenoideja ( <b>trans-luteiinia</b> ja <b>trans-beta-karoteenia</b>).
<b>Cis-luteiini</b> lisääntyi vain hieman keiton jälkeen.
Suhteellisesti pienehkö cis-luteiinin lisääntymä voi johtua
tämän karotenoidin häviämisestä keiton aikana. Vain artisokan
ytimet, vihreät oliivit ja pinaatti sisälsivät<b> xantofyllin cis-
isomeerejä</b> . </div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Näissä elintarvikkeissa havaittavia muita
karotinoideja olivat <b>kryptoxantiini</b> ja<b> alfa-karoteeni
</b>pienissä määrin. Vihreissä lehtevissä vihanneksissa,
aprikoosissa ja cantaloupessa oli merkitseviä määriä <b>beta-
karoteenia,</b> vihreissä lehtevissä eniten. Luteiini oli
hallitseva xantofylli hedelmissä ja vihanneksissa, mutta
poikkeuksen tekee oranssi pippuri, jossa oli seitsemän kertaa
enemmän <b>zeaxantiinia</b> kuin luteiinia. Samoin beta-karoteeni
esiintyi hallitsevasti trans-muotoisena näissä tutkituissa
elintarvikkeissa. Kaikista tutkituista elintarvikkeista <b>lykopeenia
</b>havaittiin vain tomaatista.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<h3 class="western">
Kymmenen eniten trans-luteiinia sisältävää
hedelmää, vihannesta tai yrttiä (100 grammassa elintarviketta)</h3>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Keitetty pinaatti, Spinach, cooked, </b><i>Spinacia oleracea:</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
12 640 ug trans-luteiinia ja 864 ug cis-luteiinia</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
8 852 ug trans-beta-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1 280 ug cis-beta-caroteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Kaitetty lehtikaali </b><b> </b><i>Kale, cooked,</i><i> Brassica
oleracea var. Acephala </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
8 884 ug trans-luteiinia,
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
4693 ug cis- beeta-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
870 ug alfa-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Coriander
sativum, </b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Cilantro, Chinese
parsley. </span></i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
7703 ug trans-luteiinia</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
5531 ug trans-beta-karoteenia
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
933 ug cis- beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Tuorepinaatti,
</b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Spinach , raw,</span></i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
6603 ug trans-luteiinia ja 621 ug cis-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
4388 ug trans-beta-karoteenia ja 708 ug cis- beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Persilja, </b><i>Parsley, Petroselinum crispum:</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
4326 ug trans-luteiinia .</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2264 ug trans-beta-karoteenia ja 317 ug cis-beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Lehtisalaatti,<i>
L</i><i>ettuce , </i></b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">romaine,
latuca sativa:</span></i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
3 824 ug trans-luteiinia</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2 730 ug trans-beta-karoteenia ja 509 ug cis- beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Kurpitsa, kuorineen keitetty,</b><i>Zucchini, cooked with skin,
Cucurbita pepo:</i><i> </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1 355 ug trans-luteiinia</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
311 ug trans-beta-karoteenia ja 46 ug cis-beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Keitetty parsa, </b><b> </b><i>Asparagus, cooked. Asparagus
officinalis:</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
991 ug trans-luteiinia .
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
10 ug kryptoxantiinia</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
265 ug trans-beta-karoteenia ja 45 ug cis- beta-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Tuore </b><b> vihersipuli, </b><i><b>Scallion, Allium cepa:</b></i><b>
</b>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
782 ug trans-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>K</b><b>eitetty parsakaali, </b><i>Broccoli, cooked, </i><i>Brassica
oleracea </i><i>var. Italica: </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
772 ug trans-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
362 ug trans-beta-karoteenia ja 43 ug cis-beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Havainto <b> lykopeenista</b>, jota on vain tomaatissa
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>100 g
tuoretomaattia </b>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
32 ug trans-luteiinia</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
901 ug all-trans-lykopeeniä
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<ul><ul><ul>
<li>
<div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">
Erityisen
<b>zeaxantiini</b>pitoinen mauste
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</ul>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Oranssipippuria,
</b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Pepper, orange, Capsicuum
annuum</span></i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
208 ug trans-luteiinia</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1 665 ug zeaxantiinia
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
(L/Z = 0.1).</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<ul>
<li>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">Artikkelin
työssä tutkittuja muita </span><span style="font-weight: normal;">vihanneksia ja hedelmiä </span>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Salaattisikuri, </b><b>Endive,</b>Cichorium endiva( intybus)
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
399 ug trans-luteiinia,</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
3 ug zeaxantiinia ( L/Z 133.0)</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
3 ug kryptoxantiinia,</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
49 ug t-beta-karoteenia ja 8 ug c-beta-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<i>.</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Kurkku, keskimäärin.</b> <i>Cucumber.Cucumis sativus </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
361 ug trans-luteiinia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
87 ug trans-beta-karoteenia ja 15 ug cis-beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Vihreät pavut, pakasteesta keitetyt.</b> <i>Green beans.
Phaseolus vulgaris. </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
306 ug trans - luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Vihreä pippuri</b>, <i>Green pepper. Capsicum annuum. </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
173 ug trans-luteiinia .
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
38 ug trans-beta-karoteenia ja 6 ug cis- beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Jäävuorisalaatti , </b><i>Lettuce , iceberg. </i><i>Latuca
sativa (crisphead)</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
171 ug trans-luteiinia ja 12 ug zeaxantiinia. (L/Z =14.3).</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
172 ug kryptoxantiinia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Kiivi, kiwi.”</b><b>kiinankarviainen”</b><i> Kiwifruit,
Chinese gooseberry. Actinidia chinensis.</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
171 ug trans-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
31 ug cis- beta-caroteenia ja 4 ug alfa- karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Ruusukaali, keitetty. </b><i>Brüssel sprouts.</i><b> </b>
<i>Brassica oleracea var. Gemnifera.</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
155 ug trans-luteiinia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
4 ug kryptoxantiini
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
218 ug trans- betakaroteenia ja 42ug cis-betakaroteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Limanpapu, voipapu, keitetty, </b><i>Lima beans, cooked.
Phaseolus lunatus</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
155 ug t-luteiinia .</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
76 ug t- beta-karoteenia ja 11 ug c- beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Keltainen kesäkurpitsa</b>, <b>spagettikurpitsa.</b><i>Noodle
squash, </i><i>Yellow,</i><i>Cucurbita pepo.</i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
150 ug trans-luteiinia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
116 ug trans-beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Keltainen pippuri. </b><i>Yellow pepper. Capsicum annuum.</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
139 ug trans-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
18 ug trans- zeaxantiinia. (L/Z 7.7)
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
38 ug trans-beta-karoteenia , 11 ug cis- beta-karoteenia, 17 ug alfa-
karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Vihreät öljymarjat, </b><b>G</b><i>reen olive, Olea europea.</i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
79 ug trans-luteiinia ja 76 ug cis-luteiinia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
100 ug trans-.beta-carotene</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Artisokka,</b><i> </i><i>A</i><i>rtichoke heart, </i><i>Cynara
acolymus</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
62 ug trans-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
18 ug t-zeaxantiinia. ( L/Z= 3.4).</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
33 ug cis-luteiinia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
14 ug trans-beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Vihreät viinirypäleet,</b> <i>Green grapes, Vitis vinifera.</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
53 ug trans-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
6 ug trans-zeaxantiinia (L/Z = 8.8)
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Squash,</b><b>Talvikurpitsalaji, Voikurpitsa, keitetty. </b><i>Butternut
squash (Australian ja U-Seelannin voikurpitsa) Cucurbita moschata. </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
57 ug trans-luteiinia,
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
569 ug trans- beta-karoteenia,
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
38 ug cis- beta-karoteenia,</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
183 ug alfa-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Squash, </b><b>Kesäkurpitsalaji, sanotaan talvikurpitsaksi.
</b><b>tuore,, kuorittu. </b><i>Acorn </i><i>Squash</i>, Pepper
squash. Cucurbita pepo var. turbinata.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
47 ug trans- luteiinia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
224 ug trans-beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
16 ug cis- beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Appelsiinijuissi. </b><i>Orange juice</i><b> </b> <i>Citrus
sinensis.</i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
33 ug trans-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
26 ug trans-zeaxantiinia (L/Z 1.3).</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
22 ug kryptoxantiinia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Hunajameloni, </b><i>Honeydew. </i><i>Cucumis melo, Cucurbitaceae.</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
25 ug trans-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
18 ug trans-beta-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
3 ug cis- beta-karoteenia.<i> </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Punaiset viinirypäleet,</b><i> </i><i>R</i><i>ed grapes. </i><i>Vitis
vinifera.</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
24 ug trans-luteiinia</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
4 ug trans-zeaxantiinia ( L/Z = 6.0) <i> </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Cantaloupe</b> <i>Persian meloni, </i><i>Cucurbita melo</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
19 ug trans-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2 063 trans-beta-karoteenia ja 25 ug cis-betqa -karoteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
alfa-karoteenia 60 ug.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Punainen omena, </b><b>kuorineen.</b><b> </b><i>Apple, red
delicious, </i><i> Malus domesticus </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
15 ug trans- luteiinia,
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
18 ug trans- beta-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
6 ug- cis-beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Tuore p</b><b>ersikka</b><b> , </b><i>Peach, raw. </i><i>Prunus
persi</i><i>c</i><i>a.</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
11 ug, trans-luteiinia,
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
3 ug trans-zeaxantiinia. (L/Z = 3.7).
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
141 trans- beta-karoteenia</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
24 ug cis- beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Mango, </b><i>Mangifera indica</i>.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
6 ug trans- luteiinia,</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
142 ug trans- beta-karoteenia</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
43 ug cis- beta- karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
14 ug alfa-caroteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>N</b><b>ektariini, </b><i>Prunus persica </i>
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
8 ug trans – luteiinia,</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
4 ug trans- zeaxantiinia (L/Z= 2.0).</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
5 ug kryptoxantiinia,</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
96 ug trans- beta-karoteenia, 12 ug cis- beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>V</b><b>esimeloni</b> <i>Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus,
Cucurbitaceae </i>.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
4 ug trans-luteiinia,
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
5 ug kryptoxantiinia
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
126 ug trans-beetakaroteenia
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Aprikoosi</b>,<i> </i><i>Apricot, </i><i> Prunus armeniaca.</i></div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Ei luteiinia eikä zeaxantiinia, mutta
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
51 ug kryptoxantiinia,</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2 249 ug trans-beta-karoteenia,</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
185 ug cis-beta-karoteenia ja
</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
436 ug alfa-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="font-weight: normal; line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Säilykepersikka,
</b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Peach , canned.</span></i><b>
</b><span style="font-weight: normal;">Prunus persica </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">0
ug luteiinia. </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">8
ug trans- zeaxantiinia.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">48
ug kryptoxantiinia. </span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Punainen pippuri:</b>
<i>Red pepper. </i><i>Capsicum annuum</i></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
0 ug luteiinia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
22 ug
trans-zeaxantiinia.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
153 ug
trans-beta-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
201 ug cis-
beta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
85 ug
alfa-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Eurooppalaisessa</b>
ravinnossa pääaasialliset elintarvikkeet, joista saadaan
xantofylliä, ovat pinaatti, herneet, parsakaali ja salaatti.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Amerikkalaise</b>n
NHANES 2001-2002 -ravintotutkimuksen mukaan pääasialliset
elintarvikkeet joista luteiini ja zeaxantiini tulevat, ovat vihreät
lehtevät vihannekset, appelsiinijuissi, munat ja maissi.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Espanjan
</b>ravinnossa luteiini on peräisin juureksista ja pinaatista,
perunasta, salaatista sekä vihreistä pavuista, kun taas
zeaxantiinilähteenä toimi appelsiinit ja peruna.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Englannissa</b>
hedelmät ja vihannekset ovat yleisiä, kaali krassi ja pinaatti
antavat luteiinia ja oranssipippuri ja makea maissi ovat
pääasialliset zeaxantiinilähteet.
</div>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-159954207066460024.post-65951438465205214632015-04-20T18:06:00.003+02:002015-04-20T18:06:40.614+02:00XANTOFYLLIINIT _3 . Munatuotteet
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0.21cm; margin-top: 0.42cm; page-break-after: avoid;">
<span style="font-family: Liberation Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: medium;">XANTOFYLLIINIT
_3 </span></span>
</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Xantofylliinien
( luteiini ja zeaxantiini) pitoisuudet hedelmissä, vihanneksissa ja
<b>munatuotteissa.</b>
</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
LÄHDE:
</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Alisa
Perry, Helen Rasmussen, Elizabeth J. Johnson</div>
<div align="justify" style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Xantophyll(
lutein, zeaxanthin) content in fruits, vegetables and corn and egg
products. Journal of food composition and analysis. 22(2009) 9-15.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<ul>
<li>MUNA ja MUNATUOTTEET
ym 100 g elintarviketta
</li>
</ul>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b>Artikkelin toisessa taulukossa selvitettiin munatuotteiden ja eräiden
valittujen elintarvikkeiden karotenoidipitoisuudet. </b>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Useimmille
elintarvikkeille on tyypillistä, että <b>zeaxantiinipitoisuudet
</b>niissä ovat paljon alemmat kuin maississa ja maissituotteissa,
mutta poikkeuksena on kuitenkin <b>kanamuna</b> ja <b>munankeltuainen</b>,
joiden <b>luteiini ja zeaxantiinipitoisuudet </b>ovat maissituoteisiin
verrattavissa. Munatuotteet ovat suhteellisen niukka
xantofylliinilähde kuitenkin, vaikka niiden xantofylliini on
biologisesti helpommin kehon saatavilla olevaa kuin hedelmistä ja
vihanneksista. Poikkeuksena on munankeltuainen, jonka
kokonasixantofylliinipitoisuus on noin 1.2 mg 100 grammassa. Kun
ottaa huomioon, että keltuaisen xantofylliinien biologinen
saatavuus on kolme kertaa parempi kuin kaikesta kasvisperäisestä
lähteestä tuleva, niin yksi munankeltuainen voisi antaa lähes 14%
suositellusta yhden päivän xantofylliinin saannista, mikä on 6 mg.
Tässä on kuitenkin mainittava, että 50 grammaa keitettyä
pinaattia antaa täydet 100 % päivän suositellusta saannista.
Pinaatin xantofylliini on trans-luteiinia, ei zeaxantiinia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Keitetty
kokonainen kananmuna <i> </i></b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Egg
(yolk+white), cooked </span></i><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">(</span></i><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">100g
)</span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
sisältää
trans-luteiinia 237 ug/ ja trans-zeaxantiinia 216 ug.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Myös 36 ug
cis-luteiinia ja saman verran trans-zeaxantiinia.( L/Z = 1.1).</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Keitetty
keltuainen </b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Egg yolk,
cooked</span></i><b><i> </i></b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">(100g)
</span></i>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
sisältää
trans-luteiinia 645 ug ja trans-zeaxantiinia 587 ug (L/Z = 1.1)</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Cis -muodot sisältävät 99 ug kumpikin.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Raaka kananmuna
</b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Egg (yolk + white) raw</span></i><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
(100g) </span></i>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
sisältää 288 ug
trans-luteiinia ja 279 ug trans-zeaxantiinia (L/Z = 1.0.)</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Raaka keltuainen
</b><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">Egg yolk, raw (100g)</span></i></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
sisältää 787
ug trans- luteiinia ja 762 ug trans-zeaxantiinia (L/Z = 1.0)
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
cis- luteiinia 130
ug ja 108 ug cis-zeaxantiinia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Kuoritut <b>pistachiot
</b><b>(100 g) </b><b> </b>on mainittu tässä taulukossa ja niissä
on
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
runsaasti trans-luteiinia: 1405
ug/ , mutta ei muita karotinoideja. Ei zeaxantiinia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Vertailun vuoksi
taulukossa on <b>valkoinen leipä</b> (100g)
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
ja siinä on 15 ug
trans-luteiinia eikä muita karotenoideja. Ei zeaxantiinia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Munanuudelit,
keitetyt,</b><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
Egg-</span></i><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">n</span></i><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">oo</span></i><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">dles,
</span></i><i><span style="font-weight: normal;">cooked.</span></i><span style="font-weight: normal;">
</span><span style="font-weight: normal;">(100g)</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
16 ug
trans-luteiinia. Ei zeaxantiinia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
2 ug
beeta-karoteenia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Makaroni ja
juusto</b> , <i>Macaroni and cheese. </i><span style="font-style: normal;">(100g)
</span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
3 ug
trans-luteiinia.Ei zeaxantiinia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
15 ug
kryptoxantiinia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Salsa </b><span style="font-weight: normal;">(100g)
</span>
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
antaa 40 ug
trans-luteiinia.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
21 ug
cis-luteiinia.Ei zeaxantiinia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
144 ug
beeta-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Pinaattinuudelit </b>
Spinach noodles, cooked (100g)
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
176 ug trans-
luteiinia. Ei zeaxantiinia.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
21 ug
trans-betakaroteenia.
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
Näissä on 10
kertaa enemmän luteiinia kuin munanuudeleissa,
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Tavallinen
majoneesi </b>sisältää seitsemänkertaa enemmän xantofylliiniä
kuin rasvaton majoneesi</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Tavallinen
majoneesi</b>(Mayonnaise) (100 g)</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
35 ug
trans-luteiinia ja 21 ug trans-zeaxantiinia (L/Z= 1.7).</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
6 ug cis-luteiinia
ja 6 ug cus-zeaxantiinia.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>Rasvaton
majoneesi</b> ( Mayonnaise fat free)</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
5 ug
trans-luteiinia ja 3 ug trans-zeaxantiinia.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
1 ug cis-
zeaxantiinia ja 21 ug trans-beta-karoteenia. 1 ug cis-
beta-karoteenia. 4 ug alfa-karoteenia.</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
<div style="line-height: 100%; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
</div>
Kirjallisuuttahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16148723032772961328noreply@blogger.com0